بچوں کے عمرانی مسائل: اسلامی تعلیمات اور بین الاقوامی قوانین کے تناظر میں ایک جائزہ

The way the religion of Islam has emphasized the human rights, might be any other religion has given importance to this very specific topic. Although in Islam, there has no any chapter making been made in Quran and hadith on the permanent bases on the topic of basic human rights, yet if some search is made to find out these Quran and Sunnah, these are also present in expended form in various places and along with these guided principles are also present there. In Quran there is admonition in many places for the protection of human soul, goods and honor as well. Whereas Hadith along with the other various teachings, specifically on the eve of the last sermon known as ( Khutba hajja tul wida) of the Rasool(PBUH) the prescribed charter of human rights is enough to highlight its importance, but no distinctive laws are cited with a special regarded to  children. Anyhow, in 18th century, issues relevant to children came into view those also became the cause of many movements and all the countries are formulated unanimous laws which are still being applied. In present era, the social issues of the children are becoming obnoxious severe. On the behalf of these issues their growth, training and many other facts of life are also attention catching. In this article, an analysis of Islamic and International laws with respect to children will be made and those causes will also be cited due to which social issues of children are continuously being generated.

Evaluating the Impact of Refactoring on Clients and Unit Tests

Refactorings are specific code transformations that improve the design of existing code without changing its externally observable behavior. In practice, unit tests are the most commonly used tools to ensure preservation of behavior after refactoring. Since unit tests are tightly coupled with the code, refactoring of the code can also invalidate the associated unit tests. If not properly adapted and maintained along with any transformation in the production code, the safety net provided by the unit tests would not be available and could result in a huge loss in terms of effort and cost. Refactoring guidelines provide mechanics for code transformation and refactoring tools provide support for automatic execution of these mechanics. Since refactoring can result in breaking of client and test code, adaptation techniques to fix these should be appropriately addressed. This thesis extends the state of the art in refactoring by formalizing the concept of unit test adaptation with refactorings. In this thesis, we established that, in the context of refactoring, unit test is different from an ordinary client. Therefore, it requires additional adaptations that are not applicable to any other client in the software. For instance, moving a method to another class requires adaptation of its clients including the unit tests. If the clients are not updated, this refactoring will result in compilation errors. On the other hand if test code is not adapted accordingly, this refactoring will introduce test smells in the test code. The test adaptation mechanics developed in this thesis also improve the design of test code along overall improvement in quality of production code. In this thesis we reviewed and analyzed various concepts and tools for refactoring java programs. and unit testing and identified the areas that could be improved. It also includes identification of problem areas in Fowler’s catalog via empirical evaluation . It has also been demonstrated, how refactoring guidelines can be extended. In addition, a test and client adaptation framework has been designed. This framework can provide a basis for automation of primitive refactorings and their associative adaptive actions to be performed on production and test code. The functions from this framework have been used to develop formal specifications of extended refactoring guidelines at different levels of abstraction. We also show with the help of results from an expert survey, empirical investigation and practical demonstration that our proposed approach has various advantages as compared to conventional approaches.