مارنہیں پیار
زندگی میں انسان کو کئی حوالوں سے زندگی کا احساس دِلانا ہوتا ہے اور ثابت کرتا ہے کہ وہ شاہراہ حیات پر رواں دواں ہے خواہ وہ راستے خار دار جھاڑیوں سے پر ہو یا اس پر از ہارواثمار سے لدے درخت کی ٹہنیاں سر جھکائے محوِ حمدوثناء ہوں۔ زندگی مسائل سے بھری ہوئی ہو یا اس کی رنگینیاں ، رعنائیاں اظہر من الشمس ہوں۔ انسان کو کسی نہ کسی صورت میں ان سے واسطہ رہتا ہے۔ انسان کبھی خوش وخرم ہوتا ہے اورکبھی ناراضگی کے باعث اس کی پیشانی پرشکن واضح ہوتی ہے۔
زندگی میں انسان سے کوئی اچھاعمل سرزد ہوتا ہے تو اسے انعام و کرام سے نوازا جا تا ہے اور اگر اس سے کوئی خطا سرزد ہوتی ہے تو اس کو اس کی سزا بھگتنا پڑتی ہے، اچھے کام کی انجام دہی پراچھے صلے کا سزاوار ٹھہرتا ہے اور سہواً یا عمداً کوئی غلطی ہو جائے تو وہ سزا کا مستحق ٹھہرتاہے۔ دین اسلام میں بھی جزاء وسزاء کا تصور موجود ہے، عابد اور صالح مسلمان کے لیے وعدہ ٔحورو قصورموجود ہے۔ خاطی اور گنہگار کے لیے وعید جہنم کا تصور موجود ہے۔ اگر یہ تصور ختم ہو جائے تو حصول راحت کے لیے کی جانے والی مساعی جمیلہ کی چمک ماند پڑ جائے گی اور سزا کی طرف مائل ہونے والی حرکتیں اور اعمال سیٔہ کی کثرت ہو جائے گی’ ’مار‘‘ کا تصور موجود ہے اور ’’ پیار ‘‘ کا تصور بدرجہ اتم موجود ہے۔
یہ ہماری عظمت ہوگی ’’مارنہیں پیار‘‘ کو اپنے معاملات میں جب داخل کریں گے، اور محبت و شفقت کا وتیرہ اپنائیں گے تو اس خصلت حمیدہ کی آفاقیت سے کسی طور بھی صرف نظر نہیں کر سکتے۔ یہ اسلوب ایک طالب علم کے لیے فرحت بخش ثابت ہوگا۔ اگر چہ مار کے تصور سے تاریخ...
Theoretically, it is supposed that women’s working status and household wealth independently contribute towards the children’s dietary status. The working women of the inferior socio-economic class are generally engaged in the informal sector or low paid work. It may be argued that such kinds of service cannot contribute to the nutritious prestige in children. To solve this puzzle whether woman's working status in all socio-economic setups is contributing to children’s nutritional status or not? This is the main focus of the research. A sample data of 1169 households from PDHS (2012-13) are used to explore the influencing factors of child malnutrition. The study employed the binary logistic regression which observes the likelihood of malnutrition in the children. Malnutrition is measured through CIAF. The interaction terms of the woman’s working status and five quintiles of wealth index have been created. The results disclose that working women belonging to the household of the first two quintiles of the wealth index and the fourth quintile of the wealth index are not contributing to the nutritious prestige of the children. Furthermore, in the third quintiles, the working status of women contributes to the nutritional prestige of children. It may be inferred that the socioeconomic status of the household is important for the nutritional welfare of the children, not the woman's employment. However, it may be concluded that women’s employment should be of the level that can support the socio-economic status of the household.
This dissertation has been conducted with objective to investigate the various leadership characteristics of Transformational and Transactional Leadership and then to empirically analyze the effect of each type of leadership on the organizational performance. This study considers a sample of 800 respondents has been interviewed to collect the required information.The sample includes employees at tactical and operational management in corporate sector. Factor analysis which has been applied to determine the key characteristics of each type of leadership, thereafter the OLS estimation has been applied to test the hypotheses of the study. I have taken only two factors i.e. Transformational and traditional and the relevant ten characteristics of the leadership. Once the Characteristics of Leaderships are determined, then effect of Leadership on Organizational Performance has estimated via saving the factor score of each factor i.e. Transformational and Transactional.The study concludes that the Charismatic Action, Intellectual Stimulation, Inspiration Motivation, Encouragement for High Morale characteristics of Transformational Leadership has significant positive effect on the Organizational Performance. In regard of the Transformational Leadership the further concludes that the Individual Consideration act of Transformational Leadership does not has significant effect on the Organizational Performance. The study concludes about the Transactional Leadership that the Pay for performance and Performance Rating based act of Transactional Leadership has significant negative effect on the Organizational Performance. Interestingly, the Active Management by Exception act of Transactional Leadership has significant positive effect on the Organizational Performance. The study also concludes that thePassive Management by Exception act of Leadership, Encouragement for Recognition act of Leadership does not have significant effect on organizational performance. A final conclusion based on the empirical analysis is that Transformational Leadership has significant positive effect on Organizational Performance, whereas, the Transactional Leadership has significant negative effect on the organizational Leadership. Key Words: Pay for performance (P), Intellectual Stimulation (IS), Active Management by Exception (AME), Charismatic Action (CA), Perform Rating, (PR), Individual Consideration, (IC), Inspiration Motivation (IM.