اُردو فِکشن میں جدید اصناف
(مائیکرو فکشن،افسانچہ،فلیش فکشن کا تحقیقی جائزہ)
منیرعباس سپرا،پی ایچ ڈی سکالر
انسان کو شروع سے ہی کہانی سے دلچسپی رہی ہے کہانی کی تاریخ بھی اتنی ہی قدیم ہوگی جتنی انسان کی ہے کہانی کی تاریخ انسانی زندگی اور اس کی بڑھتی ہوئی پیچیدگیوں کی تاریخ ہوتی ہے جس میں انسان کے کارناموں کی روداد ہوتی ہے جس میں اس نے اپنے ماحول معاشرے کی کسی قوت سے مقابل اگر کامیابی حاصل کی ہو ۔یہی کہانی انسان کے احساس برتری کی تسکین کا ذریعہ بنتی ہے اور اس طرح کہانی کا تعلق ہماری فطرت سے بھی ہے۔
کہانی دنیا کا قدیم ترین فن ہے انسانی قوت تخلیق نے سب سے پہلے قصہ کی تخلیق کی اور داستان قصہ گوئی کی شکل میں موجود تھی پھر قصے کہانیوں نے جدید عہد کے علائق تک انسان کے ساتھ ہی کہانی نے بھی بہت سے مراحل طے کیے داستان گوئی سے ناول ،ناولٹ اور افسانے سے مختصر کہانیوں (مائیکرو فکشن ،افسانحہ ،فلیش فکشن) کی طرف اردو فکشن کا یہ ارتقائی سفر جارہی ہے کیونکہ فکشن میں یہ تغیر تبدل ادب کے ارتقاء کیلئے ناگزیر ہے ارتقاء کا یہی سفر سماج میں بھی جاری رہتا ہےپہلے کی نسبت لوگوں کے پاس فرصت کے لمحات کم ہیں مشینی، صنعتی اور ٹیکنالوجی کی ترقی نے لوگوں کو مصروف کردیا ہےاسی مصروفیت کی حالت میں لوگ ادب سے بھی لطف اندوز ہونا چاہتے ہیں اسی لیے عام قارئین داستان ناول وغیرہ کی ضخیم کتب کی بجائے کم وقت میں کہانیوں سے وہی لذت کشید کرنے کیلئے مختصر کہانیوں( مائیکرو فکشن ،ا فسانحہ ،فلیش فکشن وغیرہ) کی طرف راغب ہو رہے ہیں آج کے ٹیکنالوجی ،مشینی اور گلوبلا ئزیشن کے دور میں معمولیات زندگی میں...
For the development of the interior Nation tolerance, peace, prosperity, ethical and spiritual development is very necessary. Islam is the religion of peace and safety. There is no scope for oppression and aggression in Islam. In Islam sustainable development is a process in which real income and per capita income of country increase as well as self-esteem, freedom of action and religious activity also increase. People should make best use of country’s means of production to create better conditions than the past. A great harden in society’s development is religious prejudice. Religious tolerance means to treat the follower of other religious without hurting their feeling and without any mistreatment just because of their views. We should not hate other religious and their follower although we do not agree with their philosophies and views. We should accept and fulfil their rights as human beings which God has bestowed with high status. We can understand breadth and depth of tolerance by the saying of Holy Prophet. In twenty-one century Europe ideas of tolerances have different meaning than Islam. This paper provides a literature review on this subject in the light of Holy Quran and Seerah of Holy Prophet.
This thesis is devoted to the theoretical description of two component metamaterials as arrays of spherical inclusions. Metamaterials include both electric and magnetic phenomena. We study the long wave approximation for electromagnetic response of the generalized infinite chain and develop Effective Medium Theory for two types of two component composite metamaterials. One type is composed of a host dielectric material embedded periodically with spherical inclusions (iron/copper/cobalt/ferrites) and the other is a 2-D sandwich metamaterial structure in which the central material contains a chain of infinitely long metallic cylinders and the lateral slabs are embedded with spherical metallic inclusions. In this thesis the microwave frequency range 0 to 5 GHz has only been considered. The metamaterial media / structures are being considered in the thesis as artificial ferrites with their own effective complex dielectric and magnetic constants. So, the metamaterial media/ structures presented in the thesis are considered as perfect crystals with their own dispersive properties in the microwave frequency range. The lattice constant of the crystal is equal to the constant of the unit cell of metamaterial under consideration. The expressions for effective permeability tensors of the considered metamaterial medium have been obtained in microwave approximation. Using Effective Medium Theory (EMT) and Effective Medium Approximation we obtain expressions for effective saturation magnetization of the considered metamaterial medium. The effective magnetic properties for the case of the microwave propagation transverse to bias and in the direction of bias have also been obtained. Our polycrystalline metaferrites designed as metamaterial exhibited the Ultra-Low Refractive Index (ULI) phenomenon. In our thesis we have also performed an analytical modeling and numerical analysis of the effective electromagnetic response of the proposed metamaterial medium. The analytical modeling has been done using two different modified mathematical models of the complex relative permittivity and permeability for unbounded composite medium with spherical inclusions. Numerical simulations of the above mentioned parameters have been made using S‐parameters obtained from Finite‐Difference Time‐Domain technique. The numerical simulation has been carried out for different radii of the inclusions. Remarkable coincidence between analytical and numerical results is found. The enhancement in effective relative permittivity and refractive index of the considered composite has been observed. The generalization has been done by the approaches of S- and T-matrices. The analytically obtained results are compared with the numerically calculated ones. All of the numerical simulations presented in the thesis have been done with the help of the free Meep FDTD software package while analytical modeling has been carried out using MATLAB software. Recommendations for the practical application of presented artificial material for designing microwave patch antennas have also been discussed.