Methodology of Prophetic Revolution
Dr. Isrār Aḥmad is unique in giving the idea of a Prophetic Revolution to the present society. Various scholars have given different ideas on it. Let us first see what Dr. Isrār has said about it.
In his lectures, he describes six phases of the Islamic/Prophetic Revolution which are:-
(1) Invitation(Da‘vat)
(2) Organization(Tanẓīm)
(3) Training(Tarbiyyat)
(4) Absolute Patience(Ṣabr-e-Maḥiḍ) and Non-violence
(5) Step Forward(Iqdām) and Challenge
(6) Armed Conflict, i. e. Musallah kashmakash/Qitāl fī Sabīl-e-Allāh[1]
First Phase: Invitation (Da‘vat)
Dr. Isrār Aḥmad is of the view that as a first stage of the revolution there should be some novel idea; some revolutionary philosophy that should be spread and presented before the people who should be convinced in their minds about the usefulness of this idea through arguments and reasoning. [2]
All the Islamic Movements working in society today consider INVITATION(Da‘vat) as the first phase and there is no difference of opinion about it. When the holy Prophet (SAWS) himself started his work; he first invited the people towards Dīn and presented an ideology before them. MaulānāṢafī al-Raḥmān Mubārakpūrī(d:1428A. H/2007A. D) in his book Al-Raḥīq al-Makhtūm divides Prophetic life into two parts;
- Makkan Life
- Medinite Life
He has divided Makkan's life further into three phases;
- The phase of Secret Invitation.
- The phase of Open Invitation and preaching amongst Makkans.
- The phase of Popularity and spreading of Islamic Invitation outside Makkah. [3]
The above facts indicate that the holy Prophet (SAWS) started his mission with an invitation and the...
This study aims to determine the synergy that can be implemented between Islamic Bank and Village Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) to strengthen unbankable business capital and to assess the application of sharia contracts toward some products provided by BUMDes. The research methodology used qualitative analysis, primary data obtained from informants, namely one branch manager of Islamic Bank of Indonesian (BSI), Pekanbaru branch and 14 BUMDes leaders in Tambang District, Kampar. The results show that first: two forms of synergy can be implemented between BSI and BUMDes to strengthen unbankable business capital, namely BSI finances through BUMDes then distributed to the unbankable micro-entrepreneurs and BSI distributes directly to the unbankable micro-entrepreneurs based on BUMDes recommendation then BSI provides a fee after BUMDes gives the guarantee, second: the application of sharia contracts toward some products supplied by BUMDes currently could use wadi`ah, mudharobah, musyarokah, murobahah, salam, istisna, ijaroh and wakalah.
The transdermal route has been recognized as a highly potential route of systemic drug delivery and provides the advantage of avoidance of the first-pass effect, ease of use and withdrawal (in case of side-effects), and better patient-compliance. However, the major limitation of this route is the difficulty of permeation of drug through the skin which can be improved by the use of penetration enhancers. Studies have been carried out to find safe and suitable permeation enhancers to promote the percutaneous absorption of drugs. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of various enhancers on percutaneous absorption of Diclofenac Diethylamine (DDA) across silicone membrane and full thickness rabbit skin. The enhancers used in this study were propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol (PEG 400), Glycerol (Gly), Oleic acid (OA) and Turpentine oil (TO). DDA was chosen as a lipophilic drug having a molecular weight of 316.7 and partition coefficient (Ko/w) of 4.40. Prior to start the diffusional experiments, the solubility studies were conducted for the saturated solutions and their concentrations at 1, 2, 3 & 4% (v/v) each of these enhancers. The enhancing effect of enhancers was found to be significantly greater than that of standard without enhancer (control). Diffusional experiments were conducted using modified Franz-diffusion cell across silicone membrane and full thickness rabbit skin, with constant stirring of receptor phase containing phosphate buffered saline (PBS) as receptor solution (pH 7.4±0.1) at 37°C±2. 1 ml of sample was applied in the donor compartment for diffusional studies across silicone membrane while 20 ml of sample was applied in the donor compartment in case of rabbit skin experiments. ‘Benchmark’ parameters with which to compare the performance of the other vehicles are the flux values and these values from propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and glycerol (Gly) have statistically insignificant difference (P>0.05) in their saturated solutions across silicone membrane whereas all Flux values for saturated enhancer’s solutions are statistically insignificant except values for Glycerol which are significantly high across rabbit skin only. To explain the difference in values of flux between saturated and control may be the differential uptake of enhancer’s by the SC of the skin, while flux values for all concentrations of enhancer’s across rabbit skin were statistically significant (P<0.05) and on the basis of these values it can be recommended that the 4% concentrations of the enhancers used can be best formulated DDA in a topical product. The input-rate of all the enhancers has shown a trend of increase with the increase in the enhancer’s solution concentrations. The DDA binary formulations showed the significantly high permeation rate and the content of enhancers’ concentration in formulations influenced the skin permeation rate substantially for DDA. As the content of enhancers’ concentration was decreased from 4% to 1% of DDA binary formulations, the skin permeation rate of DDA also decreased which may be due to thermodynamic activity of drug in the formulation as DDA is poorly water soluble (~42.28mg/ml at 37°C±2) and yet solublised in the enhancers’ mixture. Data from permeation experiments revealed that the DDA permeated across membrane/or skin at a faster rate in the presence of PG and PEG than the other vehicles studied. This finding was in line with evidence from Franz-type diffusion experiments in which flux was consistently higher from formulations. On the basis of flux values that solutions made by PG and PEG as enhancers may be recommended to formulate topical preparations. The vehicles used were predominantly influencing the partition of the drug into the rabbit skin rather than the diffusion throughout the study. Consequently, changes in diffusion and/or partition may occur as a result of absorption or depletion of permeation enhancers inside the membrane/or skin over time which validates our results.