رفیع احمد قدوائی
تمام ملک میں بڑے رنج و اندوہ کے ساتھ سنا گیا کہ جناب رفیع احمد صاحب قدوائی نے اچانک ۲۴/اکتوبر کی شام کونئی دہلی میں وفات پائی۔بڑے آدمی،عام آدمیوں بلکہ ذی حیات کی طرح پیدا بھی ہوتے ہیں اورمرتے بھی ہیں اوران کا ماتم بھی کیاجاتاہے۔ لیکن قدوائی صاحب کامرنا ملک کے ہرطبقہ اورہرگروہ میں،مردوں اور عورتوں کو، بوڑھوں اورجوانوں کو ایسا محسوس ہواکہ گویا ان کاکوئی قریبی اوربہت ہی عزیز رشتہ دار ان سے باتیں کرتے کرتے اچانک ان سے ہمیشہ کے لیے جداہوگیاہے اوراب وہ پھر کبھی واپس نہیں ملے گا۔ سبب یہ ہے کہ مرحوم اپنے دل ودماغ کی غیر معمولی صلاحیتوں کی وجہ سے جتنے ایک بڑے انسان تھے اپنے حددرجہ خلوص،مسلسل خدمت اوربے لوث حب ِوطن کے باعث اتنے ہی ہردلعزیز بھی تھے۔وہ جس طرح جنگ آزادی کے میدان کے بہادر سپاہی تھے اسی طرح ایک بیدار مغز مدبر حکمراں بھی تھے۔دونوں حالتوں میں ان کے ہرعمل کامحرک ان کا جذبۂ خدمت ملک وقوم تھا وہ جس طرح ایک بہادر سپاہی کی حیثیت سے اپنے ذاتی عیش وآرام کے خیال سے کوسوں دور رہے اسی طرح وزارت پرفائز ہونے کے بعد وہ راحت وتن آسانی کے تصور سے ناآشنا وبیگانہ تھے۔ ان کی زندگی سرتاسر عمل اور حرکت تھی۔ بولتے کم تھے اورکام زیادہ کرتے تھے۔صاف دماغی اوربے تعصبی کے ساتھ ہرمسئلہ پرغور کرتے تھے اور آخرجب کسی نتیجہ پرپہنچ جاتے تھے توعمل کی اپنی پوری طاقتوں اورصلاحیتوں کے ساتھ اسے کرڈالنے پر تل جاتے تھے۔ملک کے سب سے پیچیدہ مسئلہ خوراک کوانھوں نے جس کامیابی کے ساتھ حل کردیا وہ اس ملک کی تاریخ مابعد آزادی میں یادگار رہے گا۔اس کارنامہ کودیکھ کر سیاسیات واقتصادیات کے ہر طالب علم کومحسوس کرنا چاہیے کہ کسی ملک کی بڑی سے بڑی گتھی کوسلجھانے کے لیے افلاطون وارسطو کی عقل اتنی...
“This Quran has been revealed in seven different ways; so, recite it in the way that is easier for you.” This hadith is Recurrent in meaning. The narrator Imam Abu Ubaid Qasim Bin Salam (R.A) has elucidated its recurrence. Imam Abn-e- Jouzi (R.A) has collected all its ways in a Journal. What is meant by “Seven Words” in this Hadith? It has been a controversial point among the ulemas and scholars. And no doubt, it has been regarded as the most difficult debate of Uloom-ul- Quran. There have been severe controversies in this regard, so far as Allama Ibn-e - Arabi has mentioned thirty-five sayings. Some of them are as following:
Some think these are the ways of recitations of seven famous Qaries.
Some think that it means all the ways of recitations. But “Seven” does not means the number 07, because in Arabic language, it is used to describe the plenty of something. Qazi Ayyaz from Earleir Ulemas had the same opinion, while in the later period; Shah Wali-Ullah also had the same views.
Some think that it means seven dialects of Arab Tribes. Imam Abu Hatim Sajestani (R.A) determined the name of these languages. They are Quraish, Hazial, Teem, Al-Rubab, Azd, Rabbia, Hawazan, and Saad bin Abi-Bakar. Hafiz Abn-e- Jareer Tibri (R.A) agreed to this school of thought. The fourth famous saying is that of Imam Tehavi (R.A.) he says that although he Holy Quran has been revealed in the dialect of Quraish. But it was difficult for the people of other tribes, which came of different areas of Arab. That is why, in the beginning, they were permitted to recite the Holy Quran in their local languages, and the words or ways were determined by the holy prophet (P.B.U.H) himself. Later, it was prohibited. There remained only the one way of recitation in which the holy Quran was revealed. HAzrat Sufian bin Aiena (R.A), Abn-e-Wahab (R.A) and Hafiz Ibn-e- Abdul Bar (R.A) agreed to this opinion.
Famous interpreter Allama Nizamul Din Nishapori (R.A) says that it means the following differences in the recitation.
Differences between Singular and Plurals
Differences between Muscular and Feminine
Differences of the causes of Araabs
Differences of Morphology (Formation of Words)
Differences of syntax (Sentence Structure)
Differences of the ways which changes words
Differences of dialects
Allama Abn-e- Qutaiba, (R.A), Imam Razi Qazi (R.A) and Abu Bakar(R.A) and Abn-e Aljuzri (R.A) also adopted this saying of Allama Nisahpuri.(R.A).
The visible light induced semiconductor photocatalyst Ni impregnated ZnO was prepared by wet impregnation method. Impregnation of Ni on ZnO shifts the band gap from UV to Visible region. The present study involves the sonophotocatalytic degradation of acid violet 49 and acid blue 45 in the presence of photocatalyst Ni-ZnO under the irradiation of visible light. Degradation efficiency of sonophotocatalysis was higher than sonolysis, sonocatalysis, photolysis and photocatalysis. Photocatalyst was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Effect of different operational parameters such as pH, catalyst dosage, different oxidising agents, initial dye concentration, different scavengers, catalyst re-used ability, catalyst settling time and catalytic poisoning. Addition of enhancers increases the degradation efficiency and scavengers decrease the degradation. We found that Acid violet 49 and acid blue 45 degraded 100% at pH 10 in 20 minutes. Catalyst re-usability was checked up to five cycle and it gives a fruitful results. Kinetics study was also carried out and it was found that both of the dyes undergo pseudo first order kinetic model. All the experiments indicate that the sonophotocatalytic degradation method in the presence of Ni-ZnO was an advisable choice for the treatment of textile effluents.