مصادر قانون بطور سند اسلامی اور مغربی اصول قانون كا تحقیقی اور تقابلی جائزہ

Validity of the law depends on its derivation from legitimate sources. The term ‘source’ denotes the norm that validates a law. Western law is based on western legal tradition which is deeply rooted in Roman law and Bible. Statutes is one of the basic source of western law, however, constitution is superior source of western legal system. The sources of Islamic law, unlike to western legal system, are basically divided into primary and secondary sources. This study aims to compare the authority of sources of legal systems, Islam and western, and analyze the objections of orientalists on Islamic law and its sources.

Developing a Meal-Planning Exchange List for Traditional Pakistani Dishes

Pakistani cuisine is culturally diverse as most of the dishes are one-pot combination dishes, the nutritional composition of which are not available in any Food Composition Tables thus the aim of the study was to develop a Meal Planning Exchange List (MPEL) for Traditional Pakistani Dishes (TPDs). Mixed method sequential exploratory research design was used for this purpose. Data was collected from housewives via focus group discussion and 30 TPDs were selected which made the foundation of the study. The TPDs were prepared according to the recipes provided by the participants of focus group and net weight of recipes was recorded. Proximate analysis of the dishes was done following the AOAC procedures. Using theoretical triangulation the 30 selected TPDs were grouped into 9 groups and the serving size was adjusted in such a manner that the macro-nutrient and energy content of each TPD in the amount stated was equal to the other TPD within the group ; one way ANOVA established that there was no statistical difference (p value ≥0.05) within the group, and as such mean of macro-nutrients could be representative of each group. The TPDs were categorized under the Bean & Lentil group; Cereal group; Meat group enlisted both lean and medium fat separately; and Vegetable group presented as Non-starchy and Starchy Vegetables. One-pot combination TPDs were also grouped together as Meat & Meat Substitute (medium fat ) plus nonstarchy vegetables; Meat (medium fat) plus starchy vegetables; and lastly Meat (both lean & medium fat) with cereal group. Thus, the developed MPEL is comparable to any other FEL worldwide and is ready to be used countrywide for meal planning of Pakistani population both at home and overseas. Keywords: Meal Planning Exchange List (MPEL), Traditional Pakistani Dishes (TPDs). The Blessings of Allah (Subhan-o-Tallah) & prayers of my mother has made this possible.