عناية المحدِّثين بالجامع الصَّحيح للبخاري في شبه القارة الهنديَّة

This study deals with a historical overview of the entry of Islam to the Indian subcontinent and the contribution of the companions, successor, and their followers in spreading the Prophetic Sunnah in it. Moreover, It contains a brief historical overview of the emergence of hadīth science، its weakness, renaissance, development, and flourishing, and a study of the attention of Muhaddithūn to the Sahih al-Bukhārī by writing its Shuruh, Taliqāt، Hawāshī, and Tarājim in the Indian subcontinent. It has been proven from the study of the history of hadīth science that after the entry of the Ghaznavids and the Ghurids to this region, the science of hadīth weakened due to the interest of the locals in rational sciences until Sultān Ala’ud-Dīn al-Khiljī (d. 716/1316) period. The scholars began to pay attention to the compilations of hadīth in general and Sahih al-Bukhārī in particular, and the first Sharh of Sahih al-Bukhārī appeared by Sheikh al-Hassan b. Muhammad al-Saghānī al-Lāhourī (d. 1252/650). It was revealed from a historical study of Sahih al-Bukhārī’s related studies in the Indian subcontinent that all were written in three stages. The first stage was the era of the renaissance of hadīth science and the emergence of Sahih al-Bukhari’s Shuruh and Hawāshī in the Arabic language. The second stage was the era of the development of hadīth sciences and the emergence of Sahih al-Bukhari’s Shuruh and Tarājim in the Arabic and Persian languages. Besides, the study proved that it was the era of translation and authorship in the Persian language, which was one of the most widespread languages، understanding, and delivered in the scientific community of the Indian subcontinent. As for the third stage, it is the flourishing of hadīth science and the emergence of a diversity of books about the Sahih al-Bukhārī in Arabic, Urdu, and Pashto. It was discovered from the study that the Urdu language took the place of Persian in the dissemination of legal sciences and the authorship of Sahih al-Bukhārī.

Macro Determinants of Total Factor Productivity Growth of Agriculture in Pakistan

The present study estimated Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth of Pakistan’s agriculture, using Tornqvist- Theil index number approach for the period 1971-2006. Most of the conventional inputs used in the production process in Pakistan’s agriculture were included in the analysis of TFP estimation. Output and input quantity data of crop and livestock sub-sectors along with their prices were utilized in constructing output quantity index and input quantity index, respectively. The data on poultry meat, wheat straw and concentrates were used for the first time in TFP estimation of agriculture. The time series data for twenty nine crops and four livestock categories from 1971 to 2006 were collected from different publications/official sources. The average annual TFP growth of agriculture was estimated to be 2.14 percent for the study period and it contributed about 56 percent to total agricultural output growth. The results also indicated that TFP growth in agriculture sector was highest (2.86 percent) during the last six years of the study period while lowest (0.96 percent) during the decade of 70s. The decades of 80s and 90s registered average TFP growth rate in agriculture of 2.24 and 2.46 percent, respectively. Total factor productivity growth contributed about 33, 53, 81 and 83 percent to agricultural output growth during the decades of 70s, 80s, 90s and in the last six years of the study period, respectively. The analysis of TFP growth during different time periods revealed that fluctuations in the total factor productivity growth were due to public interventions, macroeconomic policies and weather conditions. The main objective of the study was to identify the macro determinants of total factor productivity growth of agriculture in Pakistan. The data for TFP index of agriculture is not maintained in any official document in Pakistan, so the study set the first objective to estimate TFP of agriculture. Thus TFP index estimated in first stage analysis was used as dependent variable in second stage analysis. ADF- test was applied on data series of different macro variable and TFP index to check the unit root. The non-stationary variables were made stationary by differencing once. The long-run relationship between TFP index and the macro variables, integrated of I(1) was examined by the Johansen’s method. The coefficients of primary school enrolment and road length were found significant and positive in the long-run and non-significant in the short-run. The coefficient for the variable of credit disbursement to agriculture sector as percent of agricultural GDP was positive but non-significant both in the long-run and short-run. The inflation had significant negative affect on TFP of agriculture. The variable of sum of agricultural exports and imports as percent of agricultural GDP was significantly and positively associated with productivity growth. Real per capita income also showed a positive but insignificant impact on productivity growth. Over all, the results showed that policies which promote human capital, increase credit resources, improve infrastructural development, facilitate openness of agricultural economy, ensure macroeconomic stability and rise real per capita income with equitable distribution; would lead to improve total factor productivity growth in Pakistan’s agriculture.