کارڈز میں کفالہ کی شرعی و فقہی حیثیت اور عصرِ حاضر کے مالیاتی اداروں میں اس کا عملی تطبیق

Cards are the plastic money of current era, and Kafala by means of their warranty is little much we know about. In this article we will discuss the necessity, use and framework of Kafala for the Debit & Credit cards issued by banks and financial institutes, in the light of Qur’an and Sunnah, Ijma-e-Umma and religious researchers.

Formulation Development, Characterization and Evaluation of Individual Creams Containing Botanical Extracts of Acorus Calamus, Prunus Persica and Saussurea Lappa.

Antioxidant properties of plants extracts is a useful tool in the cosmetic creams used for improvement of various skin parameters. This study was aimed and designed to fabricate and stabilize the topical oil-in-water emulsion (cream) containing extracts of Acorus calamus (Sweet flag), Prunus persica (Peach) and Saussurea lappa (Kuth) with good antioxidant properties. Parallel to this the In-vitro characterization and In-vivo studies on healthy human volunteers were also aimed. Antioxidant activities of three plants extracts were determined and compared by DPPH (2, 2-di-phenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Oil-inwater type emulsions of AC (Acorus calamus), PP (Prunus persica) and SL (Saussurea lappa) were developed by using a suitable combination of oily phase and aqueous phase loaded with botanical extracts [4% w/w (2mg/ml) each] and control without any extract. All these emulsions were kept at four different storage conditions i.e. 8 ºC, 25 ºC, 40 ºC and 40 oC + 75% RH for a period of three months to evaluate their stability characteristics as per stability studies guidelines. In-vitro characterization was based on investigation of the changes in the physical stability (color, liquefaction, pH, conductivity, centrifugation, viscosity and rheological parameters) in active formulations (AC, PP and SL) containing their respective extracts and control (C1, C2 and C3). Healthy male human volunteers were employed for In-vivo assessment of AC, PP and SL to evaluate their effects on human skin. Different skin parameters like Melanin, Erythema, Moisture Contents, Elasticity, Sebum and Surface Evaluation of Living Skin (SELS Parameters) related to skin aging were measured at specific time intervals for an investigational period of 12 weeks. The study was single blinded, controlled, split face with 3-groups having 13 volunteers each. Statistical tools of ANOVA test and paired sample t-test were used to evaluate the changes produced. Both the test emulsions i.e control and active formulations showed quite good: stability, pH, conductivity and rheology as desired for 3 months In-vitro study period. During In-vivo studies active formulations AC, PP and SL showed significant changes and respective control (C1, C2 and C3) showed an insignificant decrease in skin melanin, erythema content and sebum while there was an increase in skin hydration. Formulation AC, PP and SL showed significant effects on SELS i.e., SEr (skin roughness), SEsc (skin scaliness), SEsm (skin smoothness), SEw (skin wrinkles) parameters in comparison to control. There was a significant decrease in SELS of SEr (skin roughness), SEsc (skin scaliness), SEw (skin wrinkles) parameters while SEsm (Skin smoothness) showed a significant increase after topical application of AC, PP and SL in comparison to respective control (C1, C2, and C3). It can be concluded that Sweet flag, Peach and Kuth extracts should be used in topical formulations to get these good cosmetically desired results for human skin.