علم الفواصل کی تاریخ، حکمت اور طرق معرفت کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Elm-ul-Fawasil (Intespace) is the knowledge of the leading verses of the Quran. To inquire the numer of verses, interspace is the main objective of this knowledge. We have so far considered the miraculous characteristics of the Quran from the scientific and historical points of view. In addition to this, the Quran aslo possesses an astounding, inimitable style from the literacy perspective. The words employed in the Quran are exceedingly special, both in terms of meaning and also of fluency and effect style. Quran is the ultimate miracle of God. The present Quran is in the some condition as it was revealed because almighty Allah has been taken the responsibility its protection. This paper present the definition of Elm-ul-Fawasil, Histoy, etymology, title, its types and the importance of this knowledge.

Optimization of Split-Ring and Split-Ball Resonators for Effective Permittivity and Volume Fraction Extraction

Material specifications are required in variety of fields like pharmaceutical, chemical, biological, metallurgical, petro-chemical, food processing/grading, forestry, mining, aerospace, equipment manufacture and quality control applications. When a composite/liquid mixture is prepared by mixing two or more ingredients/liquids, effective permittivity is a function of volume fraction and individual permittivity of constituents. Numerous techniques and methods are in practice for finding effective permittivity and other properties of composite/solution. For obtaining accurate results for low loss materials, resonant perturbation technique is given preference to others. Improved accuracy can be expected by increasing sensitivity of resonant structures. Split-ring resonator for compositional analysis (detection of small changes in volume fraction) of mixture comprising of ethanol and methanol was initially studied. A novel concept of split-ball resonator for such analysis with enhanced sensitivity has been proposed. Proposed empirical formulas for output parameters of split-ball resonator structure have been worked out. Optimization algorithm has been developed to further enhance sensitivity of the two structures by utilizing statistical tools. Large deviations in output parameters and hence sensitivity obtained for optimized resonators. Regression equations obtained for relating output parameters with resonators’ geometry. Sensitivity and comparative analysis with other similar works pertaining to volume fraction and effective permittivity has been performed. Due to optimization, these analyses for moderate/medium as well as high loss material were demonstrated. Bivariate cubic expressions for volume fraction and permittivity of mixture as a function of output parameters have been obtained.