سیکولرازم اور مسلم معاشرے میں اس کا ارتقاء: تحقیقی مطالعہ

The concept of Secularism came to the Muslim world after Renaissance. Historically, the initial thoughts on the subject are found in the teachings of Greek Philosophers like Epicurus and Zeno. It was at first a discussion regarding the separation of religion and the state, the scientific advancements and the regime system in Modern Europe. Religion was considered as an obstacle by the West in their progress on the basis of reason and inquiry. Adaptation of secular approach helped the western countries to flourish in material fields. In Islamic world, secularism was not seen as a threat for religion before the twentieth century. Under colonization of many Muslim countries and particularly after the demise of Ottoman Empire which paved way to abolish Caliphate, the Muslim states adopted various western secular laws. Moreover, the Muslim countries went under heavy debts taken from European countries. They relied on foreign advisors and western education system for progress. The concept regarding the authority of Caliph changed. During the twentieth century, Muslim countries suffered politically and their geographical frontiers were changed. It created a kind of revolution in Muslim states. Revival of religious authority in modern political Muslim states is visible in central eastern countries during the last fifty years.

Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Preterm Birth in Pakistan: Meta-Analysis and Data Mining Approach

Objectives: The current study was planned with 4 main objectives; the first objective was to find prevalence of PTB in Pakistan (by taking primary data) and to find the global pooled prevalence (using Meta-analysis), 2nd objective was to explore risk of PTB in presence of different risk factors like, 3rd objective was to compare number of risk factors by scoring / indexing of factors contributing to PTB and 4th objective was to see combined effect of all risk factors of different domains in terms of number of risk factors. Methodology: Data collected from departments of Gynecology of four different hospitals of major provinces of Pakistan and secondary data of published reaches was utilized for Meta-analysis. A total of 1,691 females were taken in current study with the help of consultant gynecologists or duty staff nurse to note their gestational age after delivery to find prevalence of preterm birth in Pakistan and 46 studies (n = 6,788,033) were used to find pooled prevalence of preterm birth using Meta-analysis technique. To find risk factors of preterm birth two groups were made i.e. preterm birth (served as cases) and full term birth (served as controls) taken from those 1,691 females. The advanced data mining techniques like Binary Logistic Regression (LR), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were used to find best predictive accuracy of preterm birth in presence of different factors. Lastly scoring/indexing of different domains was done to know the combined impact of number of factors for preterm birth. Results: According to results of this study prevalence of preterm birth was found as 21.64% females and overall pooled prevalence of preterm birth was found as 11.3%. Using different data mining techniques the heights sensitivity and specificity were provided by Support Vector Machine (SVM) preceded by Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Logistic Regression. Interestingly highest area under receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) was calculated as 96.95% using ANNs, the area under curve of ROC for Logistic Regression was 93.89% and of SVM was 96.81%. Conclusion: Based on the findings a high prevalence of preterm birth was found in Pakistan and globally using Meta-analysis. Many modifiable and controllable risk factors like body mass index, different curable diseases or conditions during pregnancy and fetal conditions were found.