’’بعد از خدا بزرگ توئی قصہ مختصر ‘‘
آج سے چودہ سو سال پہلے کائنات گھٹا ٹوپ تاریکیوں میں مستورتھی۔ ہر طرف جبر و تشدد کی ژالہ باریاں مصروفِ تباہی تھیں۔ درندگی و بہیمیت کی سموم فضاء میں حق پرستی اور پرہیز گاری ناپید ہو چکی تھی۔ صنف ِنازک کی عصمت کا کوئی محافظ نہ تھا۔ ہر طرف آلام و مصائب کے بگولے محورقص تھے۔ صبح و شام غرباء فقراء کے سروں پرظلم و تعدّی کی تلوارلٹکتی رہتی تھی۔ جہاں تک نظر پڑتی کشت و خون ، درندگی و حیوانیت اور خوف و ہراس کا دور دورہ تھا۔ انسانی عقائد ضعف و اضمحلال کا شکار ہو چکے تھے۔ گویا کفروضلالت کا ٹھاٹھیں مارتا ہوا طوفان تھا جس کے تند و تیز تھپیڑوں میں انسانیت کی شکستہ نائو ہچکولے کھارہی تھی۔ بلائے عظیم میں گرفتہ کسی نجات دہندہ کے منتظر تھے۔
بالآخر خالق کائنات کوسسکتی ہوئی انسانیت پر رحم آیا۔ رَبِّ کعبہ نے رشد و ہدایت کے اس آفتاب کوافقِ فاران پر طلوع کیا۔ وہ آفتاب ِصداقت جوختم المرسلین ہے جو رحمتہ العالمین ہے، شافع المذنبین ہے، اسلام جس کا دین ہے۔
نگاہِ عشق و مستی میں وہی اوّل وہی آخر
وہی قرآں، وہی فرقاں، وہی یٰسیں، وہی طہٰ
رسولِ عربیصلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم کیا آئے ، کائنات میں انقلاب آ گیا۔یاس وقنوطیت سے پژمردہ چہروں پر اُمید کی بہار آ گئی۔ قتل و غارت اور خوف و ہراس کی آندھیاں تھم گئیں۔ صنم خانے تراشیدہ ریزہ ریزہ ہو گئے۔
عرب وعجم کے ایوان ہائے عیش وطرب منہدم ہونے لگے۔ وادی خزاں میں گل ہائے رنگا رنگ کے لیے صدق و صفا اور عدل وانصاف نے جنم لیا۔ بندہ و صاحب ومحتاج وغنی کا امتیاز مِٹ گیا دانائے رسالت کی ضیاد پاشیوں سے گمراہی و ضلالت کی سیاہی دُھل گئی۔ رسولِ ہاشمیصلی اللہ علیہ و...
The study explores the comparative analysis of secondary school teachers’ attitude toward teaching English as a second language. The major objective of the study was; to find out secondary school teachers’ attitude toward teaching English related to different demographics. The researcher used quantitative research method that was descriptive in nature. The population of the study comprised all the male and female teachers at Secondary level in province of Punjab, Pak istan. The researchers selected the secon dary school teachers in districts: Lahore, Multan, Sialk ot and Vehari as the sample of the study. Questionnaire was used as a research tool for the study. The researchers distributed the questionnaire among the respondents of the study and collected data. For data analysis, researcher used the statistical techniques of mean score, t-test and ANOVA. The findings of the study informed that difference in mean scores of male and female teachers was not significant, t-value = -.075, p=.634>0.05. It was found that there was a significant difference in teachers’ attitude towards teaching English as second language having professional qualification of B.Ed. and M.Ed. at secondary school level, t-value = .521, p=.047<0.05. It was concluded that male and female respondents have almost same type of attitude of teaching English as second language.
This study tries to identify the significant features of the religion and culture of the people of the Indus Valley Civilization (7000 BCE – 1500 BCE). This is done by examining relationships with past and later cultures found in the Indus River basin. My quest is made difficult by the absence of a readable Indus script. Starting with prehistoric man the writer develops cultural markers (for example, nonviolence and Karma) that seem to differentiate Indus inhabitants from its contemporary civilizations. While it is also true that these cultural markers are pretty evident in the three post-dated religions of the land (Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism), who own it in one way or the other, through the various icons and objects that they have adopted, which might not have travelled genetically but through their culture that was transmitted generation by generation. Therefore in order to understand the mindset of the Indus man, the parameters of the study has been extended and thus includes, the study of the evolution of human thought with respect to the “Divine Force”, through the study of contemporary religions and mythologies of this civilization, the post-dated religions of this land and last but not the least the whole archaeological material of this civilization, which can be our major tool in finding answers and that also in the absence of deciphered Indus script. The whole purpose of this study was to identify the long forgotten religious beliefs of the Indus people and to relive their glory. A civilization, which is known to the world for its excellent town planning and “public works”, a civilization that invented the toilet and bathing platforms, a civilization whose sanitary works and waste disposable system were the envy of contemporary civilization, a civilization double the size of its contemporaries, a civilization known for its lack of weaponry and armaments, a civilization known for its peace, a civilization known for its trade and gateway cities, a civilization known for its equidistant settlements, a civilization known for its distribution and procurement techniques, a civilization known for its agriculture, a civilization known for its weights and measures, a civilization known for its “unicorn”, a civilization known for “the mediating yogi”, a civilization known for its seals, a civilization known for its “priest king”, a civilization known for its “dancing girl”, a civilization known for its modest burial customs, but the one thing it is not known for are its religious beliefs.