وفا آزمانی نہیں جانتا تھا
کہ میں بد گمانی نہیں جانتا تھا
ترا شکریہ، تو نے سمجھا دیے ہیں
میں غم کے معانی نہیں جانتا تھا
زمانہ محبت کا دشمن رہے گا
محبت کا بانی نہیں جانتا تھا
ڈبو کر مجھے اُس نے خود ڈوبنا ہے
یہ دریا کا پانی نہیں جانتا تھا
اسی نے تو مجھ پر تھی انگلی اٹھائی
جو میری کہانی نہیں جانتا تھا
ترے لہجے کی نغمگی نے سکھا دی
کہ میں شعر خوانی نہیں جانتا تھا
مرے غم کی تصویر کیسے بناتا
مرے غم کو ’’مانی‘‘ نہیں جانتا تھا
جدا تن سے ہے کچھ یہ سر اس لیے بھی
میں گردن جھکانی نہیں جانتا تھا
Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and plays a significant role in promoting political and national solidarity in the country. Languageserves as a unifying force that brings together people from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds and fosters a sense of shared identity and belonging. One of the main ways in which Urdu promotes political and national solidarity is through its use as a medium of communication across the country. Urdu is widely spoken and understood in Pakistan, and its use as an official language ensures that people from all regions of the country can communicate effectively with each other. This helps to promote a sense of unity and understanding between different groups, which is essential for building a strong and cohesivenation. In addition to its role as a medium of communication, Urdu also has a rich literary and cultural heritage that is deeply intertwined with the history and identity of Pakistan. Urdu poetry, literature, music, and art have played a significant role in shaping the country's cultural landscape and providing a shared cultural identity for its people. Furthermore, usingUrdu in political discourse and media plays a crucial role in promoting national unity and solidarity. Political leaders and media outlets use Urdu to communicate with the public. Thelanguage is often used to express nationalistic sentiments and promote a sense of pride in Pakistan's culture and heritage. Urdu plays a vital role in promoting Pakistan's political and national solidarity byserving as a unifying force that brings together people from different regions and cultural backgrounds. Its use as a medium of communication, its rich literary and cultural heritage, and its role in political discourse and media all contribute to fostering a sense of shared identity and belonging among Pakistanis.
Background: Lymphoscintigraphy is now the primary imaging modality used in determining a diagnosis in patients with suspected extremity lymphedema. However, analysis is mainly by visual qualitative analysis which is subjective and has a wide inter-observer variability. Subtle differences in ilioinguinal uptake between normal and abnormal limbs may be missed with visual qualitative analysis. This study seeks to compare quantitative analysis to qualitative analysis by computing percentage ilioinguinal nodes uptake at 1.5 hours.
Objectives: To compare quantitative analysis to qualitative analysis of lower limb lymphoscintigraphy in the diagnosis of lymphedema.
To determine the diagnostic accuracy of quantitative lymphoscintigraphy analysis.
Methodology: 52 lymphoscintigrams of consecutive patients meeting the study criteria were analyzed quantitatively. 53 normal and 51 abnormal limbs were analyzed. For both the normal and abnormal limbs, a region of interest was drawn around the injection site (B) and ilioinguinal nodes (A) at 1.5 hr. static images and the counts in these ROIs recorded. Percentage ilioinguinal nodes uptake was computed as: Analysis of variance was done to determine whether there is significant difference in ilioinguinal uptake between normal and abnormal limbs. Using different cut-offs, and qualitative analysis as a reference standard, specificity and sensitivity was calculated and the figures used to plot a receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curve. Area under the curve was estimated.
Findings: 52 patients; 36 females and 16 males (104 limbs) were analyzed. Proportion of male limbs with a lymphoscintigraphy proven lymphedema was significantly higher (78% vs 36%, p<0.001).
ANOVA revealed a statistically significant difference between the mean uptake of normal (19.7%) and abnormal limbs (5.5%) (F=81, p
Discussion: The statistically significant difference in the means of ilioinguinal uptake between normal limbs and limbs with lymphedema is indicative of reduced lymphatic function as seen in previous studies. More female subjects were enrolled in the study suggesting that edema of whatever etiology is more common in females. The higher proportion of male limbs with lymphedema indicates that edema in our male subjects was more likely to be due to lymphedema.