KONSEP SETTING DAN STRATEGI PENGELOLAAN RUANG BERMAIN DALAM PENGEMBANGAN KREATIVITAS ANAK USIA DINI

Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui: 1) konsep setting ruang bermain yang dapat menunjang kreativitas anak; 2) penataan ruang bermain yang dapat menunjang kreativitas anak yang sesuai dengan perkembangannya; 3) pengelolaan elemen fsik ruang bermain dalam mengembangkan kreativitas anak; 4) pola seting ruang bermain (indoor) yang dilakukan di dua tempat penitipan anak (TPA) besar di Yogyakarta. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian lapangan (field research) bersifat deskriptif kualitatif non statistik dengan menggunakan studi kasus (case study). Data diperoleh melalui observasi, dokumentasi, dan wawancara kemudian dianalisis dengan analisis tringulasi Moleong, yakni tringulasi sumber, tringulasi dengan metode, dan tringulasi dengan teori. Penelitian ini dilakukan di dua tempat peneitipan anak (TPA) besar yang ada di Yogyakarta yaitu Taman Pengasuhan Anak (TPA) Beringharjo dan Lembaga Pendidikan Islam Terpadu Untuk Anak Usia Dini Tiara Candra. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa: 1) konsep setting ruang bermain yang pada setiap lembaga yaitu menggunakan konsep home schooling dengan beyound centre and circle times (BCCT). 2) penataan ruang bermain dengan menggunakan sistem pembelajaran berdasarkan BCCT dan sudut ruang bermain yang disesuaikan dengan peralatan  dan sesuai dengan masa perkembangannya. 3) pengelolaan elemen fisik ruang bermain seperti pemilihan warna dan furniture disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan anak serta tidak mengandung bahan yang berbahaya. 4) pola setting ruang bermain ditata sesuai dengan konsep ruang bermain seperti yang telah diprogramkan. Kata kunci: Ruang Bermain, Anak Usia Dini, Kreativitas

Socio-Cultural Factors Affecting Satisfaction With Political Participation Among Women Councilors in District Faisalabad.

This study was conducted to examine the socio-economic, demographic, cultural and political factors which affect the satisfaction and development through political involvement as women councilors. Women councilors at three levels namely union council, town council and district council were eligible respondents. The universe of the study was limited to district Faisalabad of the Punjab province. Quantitative approach was used in this study.Total sample size was 352 women councilors. In this study, 83% of the sample was drawn from union council, 8.5% from the town/tehsil council and 8.5% from district council. At the third stage of the sampling, respondents were selected by employing systematic random sampling technique. Data was analyzed using univariate, bivariate and multiple linear regression analysis through Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The study concluded that majority of women councilors were residing in urban areas and possessed their own houses. Most of them were living in nuclear family system and most had large family size. Majority of them had an arrange marriage. Majority was illiterate and professionally unqualified, having no job. The husbands of women councilors were more educated than their wives and majority of women councilors had moderate salary. Majority of them always attended all meetings and majority of them was having knowledge and membership of monitoring committees. Most women councilors were selected on general seats and majority didn’t have any close relatives in politics. Maximum women councilors (61.4%) were not affiliated to any political party in past and most were satisfied with the 33% representativeness of women. Majority of them reached at meeting places or training centers via public transport or their own transport and most had got training on devolution. Most of the women councilors were frequently involved in the solution of the community problems and most were satisfied with the behaviour of their social surroundings. However most of the women councilors faced problems like lack of funds, non-payment of honorium, salary problem, freedom of choice, mobility and health problems, lack of financial authority, educational attainment, non-involvement in decision making, separate washroom and separate waiting room. Improvement in education and health sector was the main preference of majority of women councilors and majority argued that education and health sectors have made more improvement after implementation of local government ordinance than the other sectors. Most of the financial needs of needy were fulfilled through Zakat fund or Baitulmaal. Majority of them reported that meetings were called at any time. Majority of women councilors was motivated by the relatives to contest election. Majority of them felt no hesitation to talk with their husbands on matters like events at work, money/financial matters, children activities, future plans and community gossips/news and outing. Most of them reported that they have never listened to radio or read newspaper and mostly they watched TV to become aware of political news. Most of them possessed TV and mobile phone but majority of them did not have dish antenna, cable connection, air conditioner, room cooler, computer, telephone connection, internet connection, car/van, and refrigerator and piped natural gas. Bivariate analysis showed that women councilors residing in urban areas, living in joint family system, having low family size, moderate age, high education and more monthly income were more satisfied with political participation and they had made more development through political involvement. Similarly, womencouncilors having affiliation with political parties, having knowledge about LG ordinance and monitoring committee, having close relatives in politics and given more chances to speak were more satisfied with political participation. They made more developmental activities (such as drinking water, health related problems, availability of educational facilities, soiling/concrete of streets, street lights, sanitation management, establishment/operation of vocational centers for ladies, financial aid for poor and municipal issues in council meetings) through their political involvement. Moreover the women having more exposure to mass media, having democratic attitude of social surroundings, facing less problems in family and during duty performance, having more mobility, more decision making power and having high ownership of modern goods were more satisfied with political participation and they made more developmental activities through political involvement. In crux, higher education, professional trainings, decision making in family matters, increased respondents’ husband education, democratic attitude of male councilors and provision of incentives like payment of honorarium, daily allowance, training allowance and transportation charges increases women participation in politics related professional activities, their satisfaction and development through political involvement.