مسٹر گارنر
مسٹر گارنر، جن کی وفات کی خبر حال میں شایع ہوئی ہے، ایک مشہور سیاح تھے، جنھوں نے سالہا سال افریقہ کے جنگلوں کی خاک چھانی تھی، آج سے تقریباً تیس سال قبل انھوں نے اس دعویٰ کا اعلان کیا تھا کہ بندروں میں بھی باہم ایک طریقہ کی گفتگو ہوتی ہے۔ ۱۸۹۲ء میں وہ مقام گیبون میں مقیم ہوئے، جہاں بندروں کی سب سے زیادہ ترقی یافتہ صنف گوریلا کی بکثرت آبادی ہے، یہاں کئی مہینہ تک انھوں نے اپنے تئیں ایک بڑے قفس آہنی میں ایک چمپانزی کے ساتھ مقید رکھا، اور اس کے ذریعے سے بندروں کی باہمی ’’گفتگو‘‘ سنتے رہے، لیکن ان کے اس دعویٰ کو سائنٹفک حلقوں میں زیادہ مقبولیت نہ حاصل ہوئی، اور جمہور محققین کا فیصلہ اس وقت یہ ہے کہ نطق و گویائی کی قوت انسان کے لیے مخصوص ہے، جس میں بندر وغیرہ کوئی صنف حیوانات اس کی شریک نہیں۔
(اپریل ۱۹۲۰ء)
The aim of this research is to determine the influence of underwriter reputation, financial leverage, profitability and company size on the underpricing of IPO shares on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (BEI) for the period 2022. This research is quantitative research that uses secondary data. The population in this study was 59 companies that will IPO in 2022. The total sample was 46 companies using purposive sampling techniques. Data analysis uses time series data regression with the help of SPSS 25. The research results show that the underwriter's reputation influences share underpricing with a significant value of 0.046 < 0.05. Financial leverage influences stock underpricing with a significant value of 0.049 <0.05. Profitability influences stock underpricing with a significant value of 0.003 < 0.05. Company size has no effect on stock underpricing with a significant value of 0.913 > 0.05.
Cardiovascular complications, such as myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy and heart failure are amongst the major causes of morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a progressive disease of the heart muscle mediated by hyperglycemia and oxidative stress. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have shown promising potential to repair the diabetes induced cardiac damage. EPCs differentiate into functional and mature endothelial cells. However, challenges such as deteriorated functional abilities and survival of EPCs derived from diabetic subjects limit the possible outcome of autologous EPCs based therapies. Diazoxide (DZ), a highly selective mito-KATP channel opener, has been shown to improve the ability of mesenchymal stem cells and skeletal myoblasts for the repair of damage to heart muscles. In the present study, effect of DZ preconditioning was evaluated in determining the ability of diabetes affected bone marrow-derived EPCs to repair streptozotocin (STZ) induced DCM in rats. Diabetic EPCs (DM-EPCs) were characterized by immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry and reverse transcriptase PCR for endothelial markers: vWF, VE Cadherin, VEGFR2, PECAM, CD34 and eNOS. Preconditioning was performed in vitro, by incubation of DM-EPCs in 200 μM DZ for 30 minutes, followed by H2O2 induced oxidative stress and hyperglycemic stress. Oxidative stress to preconditioned and non preconditioned DM-EPCs was induced by exposure to 200 μM H2O2 for 2 hours whereas for hyperglycemic stress induction, the cells were exposed to 30 mM glucose media. Non-preconditioned EPCs with and without exposure to H2O2 were served as controls. IX The treated cells were evaluated for survival (XTT cell viability assay), senescence, paracrine potential (by ELISA for VEGF) and alteration in gene expression (VEGF, SDF-1α, HGF, bFGF, Bcl2 and caspase-3). DZ preconditioning of DM-EPCs significantly increased survival accompanied by enhanced release of VEGF and reduced senescence in DZ DM-EPCs+H2O2 group as compared to DM EPCs+H2O2 group under oxidative and hyperglycemic stress conditions. Furthermore, DZ preconditioned DM-EPCs exhibited upregulated expression of prosurvival genes under oxidative stress (VEGF, SDF-1α, HGF, bFGF and Bcl2) and under hyperglycemic stress (VEGF and Bcl2) while down regulated the expression of Caspase-3 in DZ DM-EPCs+H2O2 group as compared to DM-EPCs+H2O2 group under oxidative and hyperglycemic stress conditions as determined by reverse transcriptase PCR and real time PCR. For in vivo studies, diabetes was induced in Wistar rats by injecting 40 mg/kg streptozotocin. After eight weeks, 2x106/70 μl of serum free medium, each of DZ preconditioned DM-EPCs and non-preconditioned DM-EPCs were transplanted into the left ventricle (LV) of diabetic rats (n꞊6 rats per group). After four weeks, DZ preconditioned DM-EPCs transplanted group showed improved contractility of diabetic heart as compared to untreated DM-EPCs group. There was decrease in collagen content estimated by Masson''s trichrome and Picrosirius red staining in DZ DM-EPCs transplanted group as compared to untreated DM-EPCs transplanted group. Furthermore, reduced cells injury were observed in DZ DM-EPCs group as evidenced by decreased expression of caspase-3 and increased expression of prosurvival genes Bcl2, VEGF and bFGF by semi-quantitative real time PCR. X In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that DZ preconditioning enhanced DM-EPCs survival under oxidative and hyperglycemic stresses and their ability to treat DCM.