مسلم دورِحکمرانی ميں تعليمات نبویﷺ سے اخذ شدہ سراغ رسانی کے رہنما اصول

Intelligence system is considered to be one of the important tools used by military and civil secret agencies to defend and strengthen a nation. Intelligence system is thought to be one of the oldest studies of known history. Intelligence system consists of correct and accurate information, gathered after great struggle and facing difficulties. This department if related to both peace and war. Intelligence is a basis of formulating all military strategies and plans. The importance of intelligence system both in day to day life and as a nation cannot be overemphasized. This article recounts the intelligence systems and management of the resources of secret services of the companions of the Holy Prophet (SAW) and, thereafter, the Muslims rulers. Furthermore, the principles derived from the era of the companions of the Holy Prophet (SAW) regarding intelligence system have also been discussed in this chapter. The guiding principles that are still valid even today includes: (a) Training of Personnel Since espionage helps to strengthen the roots of a state and protect it from its enemies, therefore it requires a team of well trained professionals with latest technology and trends. Islam emphasized on two aspects of early warning, one is professional and the other is ethical.(b) Counter Espionage. An Islamic state must have an effective network of espionage to keep an eye on all the activities of the enemy. This is known as counter espionage. (c) Reconnaissance. This aims at the fore knowledge of the intentions of the enemy so that one can have a better planning in case of an attack. (d) Verification of Information. Information from an agent should be verified from other sources. An operative may feed false information due to lack of experience and competency and that may create an embarrassing situation. (e) Security of Information. Don’t share your secret, try to protect them. If national secrets are compromised they may cause an extensive damage to national interest. (f) Interrogation of POW. Whenever enemy spies or soldiers are arrested in a war they should be interrogated for extraction of information. They may be subjected to mental stress. (g) Fore Warning of the Enemy. This requires the launching of own agents in the enemy ranks for knowledge of their future plan likes attacks. (h)Treatment of Spies. If anyone is found to be guilty of spying for enemy, he may be penalized with death punishment.

Genetic Analysis and Genotype by Environment Studies in Maize

Five white kernel maize inbred lines were crossed in a complete diallel fashion during spring season 2011 at Cereal Crops Research Institute (CCRI), Pirsabak - Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The resulting 20 F1 hybrids, five parental inbred lines and two checks (OPV ''Jalal'' and ''Pioneer hybrid 30k08'') were evaluated during subsequent summer season 2011 through field experiments at a) CCRI - Nowshera, b) University of Haripur, Haripur, c) ARS, Baffa - Mansehra, and d) ARS, Mingora - Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. All the experiments at four different locations were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Present research was carried out with the objectives to study the genotype by environment interaction (GEI), gene action, heterosis and correlation. Genotypes, locations and GEI showed highly significant differences for most of the studied traits. For days to physiological maturity, F1 hybrid FRHW-2 × FRHW-1 took minimum days at CCRI (80.33 days) and Haripur (82.67 days) and showed early maturity. The F1 hybrid PSEV3 × FRHW-2 at Swat and its reciprocal at Mansehra mature in 84.33 and 102.33 days, respectively. For grain yield, F1 hybrid FRHW-1 × SWAJK-1 at Mansehra (14482 kg ha-1) and Swat (15205 kg ha-1) produced maximum grain yield than all other genotypes. However, the F1 hybrids SWAJK-1 × FRHW-1 at Haripur (11277 kg ha-1) and PSEV3 × FRHW-3 (9238 kg ha-1) and PSEV3 × FRHW-1 (9297 kg ha-1) at CCRI showed maximum grain yield. Overall, the above F1 hybrids showed significant earliness and increased grain yield than other genotypes which could be used in future breeding programms. Additive dominance model was adequate/partially adequate for almost all the traits except one/two traits for which the genetic model was inadequate at all the locations. According to Hayman''s genetic analysis, key components of genetic variance i.e. additive (D) and dominance components (H1, H2) were significant for majority traits at all the locations. However, through comparison of the components of genetic variance, average degree of dominance and Vr/Wr graphs, the dominance components were predominant and overdominance type of gene action played important role in inheritance and phenotypic expression of the majority traits at all the locations. High broad sense heritability estimates ranging from 0.88 to 0.99 were recorded for all the traits/locations except prolificacy at Haripur, which showed moderate broad sense heritability (0.66). Except physiological maturity, the narrow sense heritability for various traits was low to medium and ranged from 0.10 to 0.35 at CCRI, 0.01 to 0.37 at Haripur, 0.10 to 0.64 at Mansehra and 0.01 to 0.56 at Swat. For physiological maturity, the narrow sense heritability was high and ranged from 0.94 to 0.97 at all the locations. Desirable moderate to high genetic gain values were observed for all traits. Majority of the F1 progenies showed desirable and significant negative mid and better parents, economic and commercial heterosis for earliness traits at all locations. For earliness traits, F1 hybrid FRHW-1 × FRHW-3 at CCRI, FRHW-1 × PSEV3 at Haripur, F1 hybrids FRHW-2 × PSEV3 and PSEV3 × FRHW-1 at Mansehra and FRHW-2 × FRHW-3 at Swat showed desirable and significant negative mid and better parents, economic and commercial heterosis. Overall, on the basis of earliness, majority of the F1 hybrids revealed significant negative economic and commercial heterotic values for physiological maturity at various locations i.e. 15 and 18 F1 hybrids at CCRI, 13 and 19 at Haripur, 13 and 19 at Mansehra, and 17 and 19 hybrids at Swat, respectively. These F1 hybrids showed significant earliness than other F1 populations and parental genotypes which can be used in future breeding programmes for developing early maturing hybrids and cultivars with good yield potential. Large number of the F1 hybrids revealed significant positive heterotic effects for grain yield and most of the yield contributing traits at Swat, followed by Mansehra, Haripur and CCRI. Majority of the F1 hybrids revealed significantly positive mid and better parent heterotic effects for plant height, primary leaf area, fresh ear weight, ear diameter, ear length, grain rows per ear, grains per row, 1000-grain weight, shelling percentage, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index and grain yield efficiency at all the locations. For grain yield, F1 hybrids PSEV3 × FRHW-1 and PSEV3 × FRHW-2 at CCRI, FRHW-2 × FRHW-1 and SWAJK-1 × FRHW-1 at Haripur, FRHW-1 × SWAJK-1 at Mansehra and FRHW-2 × FRHW-3 and FRHW-1 × SWAJK-1 at Swat showed desirable and significant positive mid and better parents, economic and commercial heterosis. Therefore these F1 hybrids could be used in further breeding programs. Grain yield revealed negative genotypic and phenotypic correlations with majority of the earliness traits while it showed significantly positive relationship with yield contributing traits at all locations. Due to nonadditive gene action, different types of heterosis, high broad sense heritability, and screening of F1 hybrids through genotype by environment interactions, the promising F1 hybrid FRHW-1 × SWAJK-1 at Mansehra and Swat, SWAJK-1 × FRHW-1 at Haripur and PSEV3 × FRHW-3 and PSEV3 × FRHW-1 at CCRI produced maximum grain yield and are recommended as hybrid crop to increase the maize grain yield. For earliness, the F1 hybrid FRHW-2 × FRHW-1 at CCRI and Haripur, PSEV3 × FRHW-2 at Swat and FRHW-2 × PSEV3 at Mansehra showed early physiological maturity than all other genotypes. Therefore, the above promising F1 hybrids can also be used in future breeding programs for production of early maturing and high yielding maize hybrids/cultivars.