علی اکبر ناطق نے بہت ہی منظم انداز میں کہانی کے پلاٹ کو ترتیب دیا ہے۔مسلمانوں ہندوؤ ں اور انگریزوں کی نفسیاتی کشمکش، کیفیات اس طرح جامع انداز میں منظر عام پر لے کر آئے ہیں گویا محسوس ہوتا ہے کہ ایک ہی وقت میں اس نیان تمام زندگیوں کو جیا ہے اور محسوس کرنے کے بعد اسے ناول کا رنگ دیا ہے۔سکھ ، انگریز ، مسلمان اورجاگیرداروں کی چپقلش کو اس نے وہ عملی جامہ پہنایاہے کہ گرفت بھی قائم رہتی ہے اور اس ہنر مندی نے پلاٹ کو منظم اور موبپط بھی کیا ہے۔
The current study is an attempt to analyze the association between macroeconomic instability and terrorism in Pakistan over the period of 1970 to 2020. Six important variables are taken as a proxy to measure macroeconomic instability which includes external debt, budget deficit, trade deficit, real effective exchange rate (REER), inflation and unemployment. Results indicate that there exists a long run cointegration relationship between the indictors of macroeconomic instability and terrorism. FMOLS is employed to obtain the estimates and it reveals that budget deficit and external debt is negatively associated with terrorism. It indicates that government expenditures on different project such as infrastructure create economic opportunities, therefore, reduces terrorism. Furthermore, welfare programmes also improve the performance of socioeconomic variables that translates into harmonized environment which lessens violence. The variable of trade deficit, inflation and unemployment has positive impact on terrorism while REER is insignificant. In context of trade deficit, higher imports results in job loss of domestic industries, hence, it hits the vulnerable groups. Therefore, the opportunity cost of life of these groups reduces and it increases the probability to become a part of terrorist activities. Inflation also pushes the vulnerable groups in poverty by reduces the purchasing power and unemployed individuals are also easy target to get involve themselves in acts of aggression. This study also constructs the macroeconomic instability index including the six variables through principal component analysis (PCA). Results of this model show that macroeconomic instability index and GDP has positive effect on terrorism. In case of GDP, the plausible reason could be uneven income distribution that increases terrorist activities. For the policy implications, government need to divert the resources from non-productive to productive uses through the investment in such projects which has direct and indirect impact on the welfare. In this way deprived group will enjoy economic perks and engage themselves in productive activities rather than becoming a helping hand in terrorism.
Freshwater ecosystems have been playing important role in development and maintenance of human civilization. Present study depicted the planktonic and ichthyofaunal biodiversity of Suleman Mountain Range, Dera Ghazi Khan Region of Pakistan. Water quality was assessed by analyzing physico-chemical parameters and the ichthyofaunal status of the region was assessed by calculating abundance and diversity of fish fauna. The fish health status was estimated by measuring several morphometric characteristics and condition factor. The analysis of TDS, pH, CO2, CO3-2, HCO3-1, TA, TH, Na+1, Ca+2, Mg+2, Cl-1, SO4-2, EC and SAR showed significant site variations while water temperature, light penetration, pH, DO and CO2demonstrated the significant seasonal variations. Out of 119, 83 phytoplankton and 36 zooplankton genera were recorded wherein chlorophyta was the most abundant with (RA= 28.80%) and xanthophyta was the least (RA = 0.87%) while Protozoa was the most occuring with (RA = 11.57%) and cladocera was the least with (RA = 0.80%). Twenty fish species were explored in which Tor macrolepis was the most and Labeo calbasu was least abundant in the region. The family Cyprinidae was found to be most abundant and dominant in Suleman Mountain Range, Dera Ghazi Khan, Region while three fish species endemic to Pakistan namely Barilius pakistanicus, Labeo dyocheilus pakistanicus and Salmophasia punjabensis were also observed from this experimental area. Total length ranged from 7.80-31.0 cm for Tor macrolepis, 8.08-17.20 for Schizothorax plagiostomus, 9.0-20.5 for Labeo diplostomus, 9.30-23.60 cm for Labeo dyocheilus pakistanicus, 8.00-14.30 cm for Cyprinion watsoni, 10.30- 18.90 cm for Ompok pabda and 9.00-14.10 cm were calculated. Similarly, wet body weight ranged from 5.20-301.90 g for Tor macrolepis, 7.05-67.08 g for Schizothorax plagiostomus, 5.50-90.0 g for Labeo diplostomus, 10.20-125.0 g for Labeo dyocheilus pakistanicus, 7.90-30.70 for Cyprinion watsoni, 8.50-57.0 g for Ompok pabda and 8.60-39.30 g for Garra gotyla were recorded. New records of maximum total length for Cyprinion watsoni (14.3 cm), Labeo dyocheilus pakistanicus (22.50 cm), Labeo diplostomus (22.0 cm) and Tor macrolepis (29.0 cm) were obtained. Condition factors of most fishes were optimum except Ompok pabda. In general, most of the water quality parameters of the studied sites were within suitable range for growth of living organism. The diversity indices value indicated moderate planktonic diversity. However, ichthyofaunal diversity of the region was poor. The morphometric characteristics and condition factor values indicated good fish health.