كلمة الشكر و التقدیر

Teaching Challenges Using the Zoom Application That Focuses on Student Concentration in Online Classrooms

The fast advancement in information technology stimulates educational creativity as well. Learning and training practices are often not only carried sout in the traditional manner, but also with the usage of a multitude of learning technologies options. The zoom program is one of the learning resources used in online courses. Zoom was an application developed during the Covid-19 timeframe to address the limitations between educators and students, especially in terms of space and time. With E-learning, educators and students are not limited to one dimension of time and space, and learning will run and neglect both. Learning by simulated children's attention, on the other hand, causes disruption in the learning phase. During the learning phase, students must maintain a high level of concentration. The level of concentration of students has a significant impact on the learning process' outcomes. Since attitude and focus have a beneficial association, high focus may often affect a person's attitude in a learning phase in order to produce optimal performance. Many factors may affect a person's attention, one of which is the learning environment. A peaceful atmosphere can undoubtedly improve a person's concentration level, while a silent / noisy environment will exacerbate one's focus during the learning phase.

Quantification of Residual Antibiotics in Pharmaceutical Effluents Affected Areas and Their Removal by Using Nanotechnology

Contamination level of antibiotics namely ofloxacin (OFL), ciprofloxacin (CIP), levofloxacin (LEV), oxytetracycline (OXT) and doxycycline (DOX) were quantified in wastewater, soil, plants and underground water of areas surrounding pharmaceutical industry in Lahore. HPLC with DAD detector, C-18 column and solid phase cartridges were used to analyze antibiotic residues. In wastewater CIP was 3.0-5.25 mg/L, LEV was 0-6.20 mg/L, OFL was 2.45-4.12 mg/L, OXT was 0-9.40 mg/L, and DOX was 1.58-6.75 mg/L. From wastewater antibiotics accumulate in environmental segments and impact human health. From wastewater antibiotics accumulate in soil and plants and percolate to groundwater. The contamination level was 1000 times higher in wastewater samples than other samples, as it is the primary source of antibiotics entering environment. After wastewater, soil was the most contaminated environmental segment and ground water was the least contaminated by these residues but water is very important as it is source of accumulation of antibiotics to human and animal body as well as to plants. Drinking water is most essential thing for life on earth. Due to environmental pollution day by day the quality of drinking water is deteriorating. Ground water is being contaminated due to industrial pollution. In groundwater DOX has highest mean level of contamination and OFL was determined as highest contaminating pollutant in soil. Highest detected value in groundwater of OFL was 0.50, CIP and LEV 0.20, DOX 0.80 and OTC 0.40 ng/L. Ground water has residual level of CIP 0.01-0.20 ng/L, LEV 0.02-0.20 ng/L, OFL 0.01-0.50 ng/L, OTC 0.02-0.40 ng/L, and DOX 0.04-0.80 ng/L. Soil and vegetables are the most integral environmental segments for human and animal life. Day by day both of these segments are becoming polluted by anthropogenic resources and one of the major sources of contamination is pharmaceutical wastewater entering environment. Contamination level of OFL, CIP, LEV, OTC and DOX were determined (found) in vegetables samples in areas surrounding pharmaceutical industry. HPLC with DAD detector, C-18 column and solid phase cartridges were used to extract and analyze antibiotic residues in carrot, wheat and spinach samples. In wheat samples LEV and in spinach and carrot samples OFL was detected as highest accumulated antibiotic among five antibiotics selected. In all types of vegetables samples the contamination of each antibiotic was highest in leaves and lowest in fruits. The order of accumulation was leaves > stem / shoot > root > fruit. The contamination level was higher in soil samples than vegetables samples. From soil antibiotics accumulate in plants and vegetables, and leach to groundwater. Plants and vegetables directly or indirectly are a part of human food. The most appropriate method to stop antibiotic pollution in environmental segments is to remove or eliminate these pollutants at source. For such treatment of wastewater containing antibiotics, six photocatalyst P-I, P-II, P-III, P-IV, P-V, P-VI obtained by doping of Cr, Co, and V, were used to degrade 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm sample solutions of CIP, LEV, OFL, DOX and OXT. After 30 min, 60 min, 90 min and 120 min time period of addition of photocatalysts these samples solution were analyzed for the degradation efficacy of photocatalyst. The degradation of these antibiotics was observed for variation in parameter like pH of the solution, time of exposure to sunlight, temperature of the solution and amount of the photocatalyst added in the solution.