حضرت خدیجہؓ سے شادی اور ان کا کاروبار
اعتراض نمبر۹۰
جب آپ ؐ جوان ہوگئے اور مضبوط ہوگئے( آپ کے پاس زیادہ مال نہ تھا) سیدہ خدیجہؓ نے آپﷺ کو تجارت کے لیے اجرت پر بلالیا۔۔اور حضور ؐ کے ساتھ ایک اور آدمی کو اجرت پر رکھ لیا‘‘ ( اردو ترجمہ دلائل نبوہ ۱۔۶۴۔۔ ابوبکر احمد بن الحسین بیہقی)
’ تاریخی کتب سے یہ تاثر ابھرتا ہے کہ نبی مکرمﷺ کو سیدہ خدیجہؓ نے گویا اپنا ملازم یا تجارتی کارندہ مقرر کیا تھا‘‘ ( سیرت اعلان نبوت سے پہلے۔۲۹۵۔۲۹۴)
جواب:صاحب ضیا النبی( ۔۲۔۲۱۷) لکھتے ہیں کہ آپ( خدیجہ) اپنے نمائندوں کو سامان تجارت دے کر روانہ کرتیں‘ جو آپ کی طرف سے کاروبار کرتے۔ اس کی دو صورتیں تھیں ۔
اول: یا تو ملازم ہوتے، ان کی اجرت یا تنخواہ مقرر ہوتی جو انھیں دی جاتی‘ نفع و نقصان سے انھیں کوئی سروکار نہ تھا۔
دوم: یا نفع میں ان کا کوئی حصہ ،نصف یا چہارم مقرر کر دیا جاتا۔ اگر نفع ہوتا تو وہ اپنا حصہ لے لیتے ۔بصورت دیگر یعنی نقصان کی صورت میں ساری ذمہ داری خدیجہؓ پر عائد ہوتی ‘ اس کو شریعت میں’’ عقد مضاربہ‘‘ کہتے ہیں۔ آنحضرت ایک خود مختار اور خوش حال تاجر تھے۔ آپ نے کسی تاجر کی ملازمت کبھی اختیار نہیں کی تھی‘ ڈاکٹر تحسین فراقی نے کتاب کے تعارف میں لکھا ’’ ایک عام تاثر یہ پایا جاتا ہے کہ حضرت خدیجہ نے حضورؐ کو اپنا ملازم یا تجارتی کارندہ مقرر کیا تھا۔حالانکہ حقیقت یہ ہے کہ حضرت خدیجہ ؓ سے نکاح سے بہت پہلے آپؐ خود مختار اور خوش حال تاجر کے طور پر معروف ہو چکے تھے اور اس ذیل میں قیس بن السائب کی روایت استناد کا درجہ رکھتی ہے۔
ایک اور روایت:ابو طالب نے اپنے بھتیجے سے کہا ’’ میں...
This article covers the poetic and research services of Sufi poet Sain Muhammad Rafique Ranjha from Hamza Ghous Sialkot. He is a Punjabi "Sofi "poet and a compiler. In this article, I have already mentioned his own poetry collection and life. In his own book, he has used a dozen genres of poetry. This Sufi poet, who is experimenting with new and old genres, but “Rubai” is his favorite genre. The first book "Warasat-e- Faqr" by Sain Muhammad Rafique Ranja consists of 418 pages which has been composed. While the second book “Suchay Moti” is by the famous Punjabi poet of Gujarat Baba Ji Qasoor Mand which has 290 pages. It is published in 2017. Both books contain mystical poetry. Along with the books, brief information about the lives of the authors is also given.
In this work Ag-Cu, Ag-Au and Au-Cu bimetallic alloy nanoparticles of different compositions were synthesized by different methods i.e., polyol, aqueous polymer solution, co-reduction, reverse micellar, co-precipitation and chemical reduction methods. The synthesized alloy nanoparticles were characterized by UVVisible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, TEM, HR-TEM and EDS. The XRD pattern showed high crystallinity and phase formation of the nanoparticles. TEM evidenced the formation of Ag-Cu, Ag-Au and Au-Cu nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 10-15, 20-30 and 15-25 nm respectively. Ag-Cu bimetallic alloy nanoparticles were coated over a well-polished glassy carbon electrode and the designed sensor was applied for the detection of a highly carcinogenic carbonyl compound, 2-butanone. Electrochemical studies revealed that polyethylene imine (PEI) used as a capping agent also enhances the sensing of the modified electrode for the recognition of 2-butanone. The sensor developed from AgCu (1:1) alloy nanoparticles showed the best sensing properties for the detection of 2- butanone as evidenced by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and a 0.1 μM detection limit. Glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with potentiodynamic polymerization of pyrrole into polypyrrole which was over oxidized in order to increase its sensitivity towards polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The electrode was further modified with Au-Ag bimetallic alloy nanoparticles. The fabricated GCE was successfully applied to detect an environmental toxin, pyrene. Ag and Au in ratio of 3:1, showed best response for the detection of pyrene with a detection limit of 0.1 µM. Au-Cu (1:3) alloy nanoparticles synthesized by chemical reduction method were intentially engineered with their desired ratio and chemical composition on the surface of clean GCE that was already fabricated with over oxidized poly pyrrole. This composite electrode (PPyox/Au-Cu/GCE) was successfully applied for the detection of environmental toxin anthracene (with lowest concentration, 0.15 μM). The effect of alloy nanoparticles was tested on seed germination frequency, antioxidant activity and biochemical characterization of medicinally important plants, Silybum marianum and Eruca sativa. Chemical composition of alloy nanoparticles, size and shape matters for nanoparticles to exert effect on plants. Phytotoxicity study of nanoparticles showed that bimetallic alloy nanoparticles are more stress inducing factor in plants acting as external factor that disturb the internal mechanisms of plant seeds. In response to the induced stresses, plants release secondary metabolites (protein content, flavonoids and phenolic contents), antioxidants and some important enzymes like super oxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) by their defensive mechanisms. The secondary metabolites produced in response to stress induced by bimetallic nanoparticles were also evaluated and it was found that nanoparticles of small size and high toxicity produce more secondary metabolites. Such secondary metabolites produced in medicinal plants have a great potential in treating the human ailments.