UNDERSTANDING JOHN RAWLS CONCEPTION OF JUSTICE

Hydro politics is the modern term for water issues. Every country wishes to protect its sweet water resources, especially those that have difficulties with rivers that run through more than one country. Water is required for the survival of over 180 species. This study is center on the importance of water to all living things, including humans, as well as to countries and their economies. The conflicts and treaties are also covered in the area of study on hydro-politics on the river Jhelum between India and Pakistan. Both countries have fought wars over water more than once, and if the water distribution issue can handle peacefully then their relationship may improve. The Jhelum River began in the disputed area of Jammu and Kashmir and flows through Pakistan and meets the Indus River. The distribution of Jhelum water was settled by the Indus Water Treaty in 1960, but India's repeated breaches made it a problem between the two neighboring states and one of the reasons for conflict between them. The research's main goal is to not only examine the causes of conflict but also to predict how it will be resolved in the future.

Evaluation of the Role of Ascorbic Acid in Barley under Cadmium Toxicity

The Cd accumulation might result disturbances in plant metabolism causing several physio-biochemical and structural changes ultimately declining the crop productivity. The experiments were conducted in two phases (plant and callus) under different combinations of Cd (control, 100, 500, and 700 μM) without or with AsA (0.0 18 and 200 mg L-1) with four genotypes of barley (Jau-83, Jau-87, Paidar 91 and Haider 93). The results revealed variable Cd accumulation pattern in the both culture systems (seedling and callus). Roots showed higher Cd accumulation as compared to shoot and callus. The lower Cd accumulation of callus than root exhibited less sensitivity of callus to Cd-induced stress. A two phase linear concentration-dependent Cd accumulation pattern was observed in root and shoot whereas in callus Cd accumulated in a linear concentration-dependent fashion with the elevating Cd levels in the both culture media. However, protective effect of AsA on root or shoot and the callus inhibited the Cd accumulation from the both media revealing the possibility of occurrence of the formation of stable AsA-Cd complexes. Higher amounts of H2O2 and MDA caused Cdinduced oxidative stress elevating the activities of antioxidants (CAT and POD) which accelerated the accumulation of solutes disturbing mineral nutrients and water status in the both media. The uneven SOD activity exhibited that differences existed among the genotypes to withstand the Cd toxicity. The application of AsA in combination with the elevating Cd stress showed improvements in the SOD activity indicating that higher SOD activity might modulate the activities of other enzymes and regulate the solutes maintaining water relations under Cd-induced oxidative stress and ultimately the growth in the both culture media. Based on Cd translocation factor and the root STI, and the callus BCF and STI factors, Jau-83 showed more tolerance to Cd toxicity followed by Jau-87 and Paidar 91and Haider 93 to Cd toxicity.