DEPRESSION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AMONG PEOPLE HAVING COVID-19 UNDERGONE QUARANTINE

Aims Of Study: Coronavirus is a potentially deadly disease that mostly affects human lung tissue. Multiple cases of unexplained respiratory tract infections were reported to the World Health Organization China in December 2019. The focus of this research was to assess association between depression and PWB in patients who had been isolated due to covid-19. Methodology: A sample of 250 people with covid-19 post quarantine, with age ranges from 25 to 45 were selected by using purposive sampling methods. Depression, anxiety, stress scale and psychological well-being scales were administered. Regression analysis and t-test were employed for statistical analysis. Results: Obtained results evidenced that depression is significantly predict psychological health in the covid-19 population [B= -.015, -.019, F (7.915) sig= .000]. Gender difference is also observed in variable of depression also [(4.78) =.030, p.000]. Limitations and future implications: Future research may base on longitudinal analyses focusing on familial and social factors that may influence the psychological well-being of people living in quarantine. Originality: I certify that the intellectual substance of this article is the result of my own effort and that all assistance and sources used in the preparation of this article have been acknowledged. Conclusion: It was concluded that Depression affects people with COVID-19 and PWB after quarantine. future research may focus more on the influence of the interaction between quarantine and adults’ mental health to fully comprehend the link. 

Immunoprophylactic Potential of Anti-Idiotype Foot-And-Mouth Disease Vaccine

The present study was designed to develop an anti-idiotype foot-and-mouth disease antigen for the evaluation of immunoprophylactic potential. Three serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus were procured from the veterinary research institute, Peshawar. Re-characterization of the virus was done through PCR and further serotyping was performed by indirect sandwich ELISA (IsELISA). The inactivated three serotypes of the virus were injected in goats for the preparation of idiotype antibodies (IgG). The goat serum containing 90% idiotype antibody titre was processed for separation of idiotype antibodies through Octanoic acid-ammonium sulfate precipitation method. Idiotype was purified and the fragment antibody binding (Fab) component was separated through pepsin digestion that was analyzed through SDS-PAGE. The protein concentration of Fab was adjusted to 5 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL. Fab of IgG was emulsified in MONTANIDE™ ISA 206 VG and the prepared idiotype antigen suspension was injected into two groups of the layer birds. The eggs were collected and the presence of anti-idiotype antibodies in the egg yolk was confirmed through agar gel immunoprecipitation test (AGPT). The diluted egg yolks were processed for the separation and purification of anti-idiotype antibodies through ammonium sulfate precipitation technique. The purified IgY proceeded to pepsin digestion and Fab component was obtained. Fab of anti-idiotype antibody, after digestion, were analyzed through SDS-PAGE and the protein concentrations were adjusted to 10 mg/mL. The Fab of IgY was emulsified in Montanide (1:1) and the anti-idiotype FMD antigen was injected as a surrogate antigen for FMD virus in mice and calves. Sterility, safety and stability studies of anti-idiotype FMD antigen were performed. Immune response of Montanide adjuvanted monovalent and trivalent anti-idiotype FMD antigen was determined in mice. The comparative immune response of Montanide adjuvanted trivalent anti-idiotype FMD antigen and trivalent FMD commercial vaccine was done in mice and calves. The comparative mean antibody titre was determined through least significant difference followed by factorial analysis. Foot-and-mouth disease virus was detected through PCR at 131 bp. Is-ELISA confirmed three serotypes of Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus, Asia 1, A and O, at OD value < 0.1 at 1/10th dilution. The AGPT results indicated early development of anti-idiotype antibodies in layer birds injected with 10 mg/mL Montanide adjuvanted idiotype antigen. The development of antiidiotype antibodies in egg yolk was detected within 18 hrs of incubation on day 14 from the last injection. At day 45 post-immunization (PI) in mice, Montanide adjuvanted monovalent antiidiotype FMD antigens produced initial antibody titre of 78.80%, 81.30% and 81. 20% for serotype A, Asia 1, and O respectively. The antibody titre decreased to 78.10%, 79.50% and 78.90% respectively at day 60 PI. The more stable immune response against serotype A was recorded at day 60 PI. Montanide adjuvanted trivalent anti-idiotype FMD antigen in mice produced highest antibody titre of 81.60% at day 45 compared to Montanide adjuvanted FMD vaccine that produced titre of 77.50% at day 45 PI. A slow decrease of 1-2% in antibody titre of Montanide adjuvanted trivalent anti-idiotype FMD antigen in mice at day 60 was recorded. The immune response of Montanide adjuvanted trivalent anti-idiotype FMD antigen in calves was persistently 80% while titre of Montanide adjuvanted FMD vaccine decreased to 74% at day 60 PI.