برصغیر میں عربی ادب کا تحقیقی جائزہ اور اس کے اثرات

At the time of arrival of Muslim community in Sub-Continent Region and due to their settlement in the region Arabic Language has been prevailed and such as the system of its publication and learning has been commenced. Because the directives of Islam and laws are in the Arabic Language as per Quran & Sunna so that it is necessary to learn the Arabic language for the awareness of Islamic directions. So that to achieve the knowledge of Sharia inclu-ding the expertise the peoples of Sub-continent has been achieved the expertise of Arabic language, literature, knowl-edge Ilmul Saraf al-khawa, knowledge of al-ishtiaq & Ilmul Balaghta etc. Moreover it is clarify that Scholar of religious have shown their expertise so that the scholar of Arab have been convinced their expertise. The basic point of service in Arabic Language of Scholars of Sub-Continent that they do not served only to enhance the language but the cause of service was to serve themselves on religious matters and represents themselves on work hard and tried themselves to achieve the better performance of identification of Islam.  A positive result and effects have been achieved as a sun shining of Islam is remaining and its waves are enhancing all around the world such as the sun shining of Islam is remained in Arab world such as the publication of literature is also remaining in the Sub-Continent region in the actual shape and saved. Because the Islam will remain till the day of judg-ment and its representatives/workers will born till the date such as the scholars of literatures will also born and they will save the knowledge of Arabic.  They will alive till the Day of Judgment.

Photodetachment of Linear Systems

This dissertation is focused on the photodetachment of linear homo- nuclear negative molecular ions in and in the absence of external field. A new approach of N-center model (NCM) and theoretical imaging method are employed to study these systems. The detached-electron wave function from a linear tetra-atomic negative ion is first formulated as a superposition of the electron waves originating from the four cores of the ion. The ion behaves as a coherent source of the detached electron waves shined with polarized laser light. The detached electron flux is then evaluated on an observation plane placed at a very large distance from the system. The strong oscillations in the detached-electron flux reveals quantum interference effects. The total photodetachment cross section is evaluated by integrating this electron flux for all angles. It is observed that the amplitude of oscillations varies as we change the laser orientation with molecular axis. It is maximum when polarized laser light is parallel to the molecular axis and then it gradually decreases with the increase in the angle. Eventually it becomes zero as the polarization of the laser light is perpendicular to the molecular axis. The cross section is also found to be dependent on the interatomic distance. If the interatomic distance is very large then the amplitude of oscillations is negligibly small. This is due to the fact that at very large interatomic distance, the linear tetra-atomic molecule is broken into three neutral atoms and an atomic negative ion and under this condition the total cross section shows smooth behavior. Theoretical imaging method is used to investigate the surface induced effects in the photodetachment cross section of H 2 − . The photodetachment of H 2 − in the vicinity of a soft reflecting wall is investigated and analytical expressions for the differential and total cross sections are derived. It has been iiobserved that the wall induces oscillatory structure in the photodetachment cross section of H 2 − and the total cross section is similar to the cross section of a tetra-atomic negative ion. The asymptotic cross section of our result is identical to the already published results of the closed orbit theory. We hope that our theoretical studies may be helpful to understand the structure and dynamics of linear tetra-atomic systems like C 2 H 2 − , Ar 2 HF − , GeC 2 N − , C 2 HS − as well as H 2 − near an interface in the photodetachment microscopy experiments.