اسلم ملک
اسلم ملک (۱۹۳۱ء پ) سیالکوٹ کے محلہ دھارو وال میں پیدا ہوئے ۔(۹۹۸) نثر نگاری ان کی پہچان ہے لیکن اظہار کے لیے انھوں نے شاعری کا لطیف پیرایہ بھی استعمال کیا ہے۔ اسلم ملک نے بچوں کے ادب کو زیادہ اہمیت دی ہے۔ اس لیے ان کی شاعری کا بڑا حصہ بچوں کی شاعری پر محیط ہے۔اسلم ملک نے حمد سے نعت ،غزل نظم اور ہائیکو جیسی اصناف میں طبع آزمائی کی ہے۔ اسلم ملک کا شعری مجموعہ ’’خواب اور خوشبو‘‘شائع ہو چکاہے۔ تصوف اور عشقِ حقیقی اسلم ملک کی شاعری کا ایک بڑا موضوع ہے۔ اسلم ملک کے نزدیک صرف خدائے رحیم و کریم ،تعظیم ،عظمت اور تمہیدو ستائش کا حقدار ہے۔ لالہ و گل میں اس کی خوشبو ہے۔ اور سورج چاند ستاروں کی روشنی بھی اسی سے ہے کیونکہ وہ نور اور نور کا منبع ہے۔ کچھ اشعار ملاحظہ ہوں:
لالہ و گل میں جو خوشبو ہے فقط تری ہے
چاند ستاروں کی چمک میں بھی ہے فیضان تیرا
گیت تیرے ہی سناتے ہیں پرندے سارے
بزمِ قیمتی کا ہر اک فرد ثنا خواں تیرا (۹۹۹)
تو خالق و مالک ارض و سما
سبحان اللہ ، سبحان اللہ
تو داتا مرے دل میں بسا
سبحان اللہ ، سبحان اللہ
خلقت ساری ہے کنبہ ترا
سبحان اللہ ، سبحان اللہ
تو افضل و اکمل سب سے بڑا
سبحان اللہ ، سبحان اللہ
(۱۰۰۰)
شہ دو جہاں کا کرم چاہتا ہوں
سفر اپنا سوئے حرم چاہتا ہوں
دیا ان کا روشن رہے طاقِ دل پر
میں الفت میں ان کا بھرم چاہتا ہوں
(۱۰۰۱)
Sir Syed Aḥmed Khān belonged to a famous family of the subcontinent during the late Mughal and early British colonial period. He was famous for his close relations with the colonial government. He served many years in the judiciary. In recognition of his services, he was conferred upon with various titles such as Sir, The Imperial Advisor, etc. He is the founder of the educational campaign which was later known as the Aligarh movement. He was worried about the future of Muslims in India. This worry forced him to produce various literary and Islamic books to uplift the political, cultural, educational and social status of the Indian Muslims. One of his famous contribution to Islamic literature of Quranic exegeses is his Tafsīr al-Qur’ān. His tafsīr is influenced by western thoughts. He, instead of following the traditional methodology of Quranic exegeses, tried to understand the Quranic verses rationally. This led him to deviate from many established concepts of Islamic doctrines. He went against the Muslims’ affirmed beliefs in his exegesis. He mistrusted some of the basics of Islamic thoughts and tried his best to make new parameters of writing & reading of the Quranic exegesis on human logics. In addition, some of his views show certain relevance to the Mu'tazilites school of thought. The aim of this paper is to present an analytical and a critical evaluation of the exegetical opinions of Sir Syed Aḥmed Khān, particularly on the issues where he deviated from the mainstream Islamic thoughts in his exegesis, Tafsīr al-Qur’ān.
Robots are designed in a variety of types and shapes for performing different tasks. Mostly, they are designed by looking at nature and imitating its principles (e.g. snake-like robot). Author argues that snake-like robots offer very good capability for surveillance, inspection, exploration and search & rescue operations, especially in tight & hard-to-reach areas. But they find it difficult to climb vertically flat-surfaced obstacles (e.g. flat-surfaced wall or barrier) with higher heights than their own maximum free-climbing height. Initially, the author attempted to address this deficiency by developing a planar snake-like climber robot, however, speed of locomotion under the employed rectilinear gait was very low. In this context, the research was aimed to explore the possibility of increasing the climbing speed of planar snake-like climber robots (undergoing the rectilinear gait) on vertical or near-vertical flat surfaces with higher heights than the robots’ own free-climbing height through implementation of wheeling gait. The successful development of this robot, called “Marak II" is presented herein. It should be noted that the approach for designing such a robot is not to fully copy or imitate the biological aspects. Instead, the approach is to bypass some of the limitations in nature and some of the limitations that the nature poses against the design. The next task that was carried out, was the development of a unified mathematical formula for the parallel robots that could cover some deficiencies of available inverse dynamics formulations. A novel approach is presented herein which follows the Euler-Lagrange technique and is also able to handle inverse dynamics formulation under any type of passive, and/or active joints. Experiments were repeated multiple times to validate both introduced hypotheses and the results were found to be in close proximity of each other. The experiments on “Marak II" with both gaits (under similar conditions) revealed that the wheeling gait is approximately 10 times faster than the rectilinear gait. Moreover, the novel mathematical formula (based on Euler-Lagrange approach) was successfully validated through extensive simulations and experimentation under different settings.