Examining the Issue of Identity in Ayisha Malik’s Novel “Sofia Khan is Not Obliged” Through Homi K. Bhabha’s Concepts of ‘Hybridity, Ambivalence and Mimicry’

This paper studies Ayisha Malik’s Sofia Khan is not obliged from postcolonial perspective. The paper studies the novel from the view of the discourse presented by Homi K. Bhabha. The novel was published in 2015. The story revolves around a girl of Muslim ethnicity from Pakistan named Sofia Khan. She is living in London and is working there in a publishing company. The story is about the adventures of protagonist; her experiences and views the London from her perspective. The paper analyzes the characters and the main events from the research method of textual analysis. The study finds that the concept proposed by Bhabha, very much plays an operative role (viable role) on the British-Muslim- characters in their attempt to assimilate into their Host/Home country. It concludes that how these Muslim characters locate agency in the “in between space” within the process of mimicry and negotiate their identity in their effort to assimilate in colonizer’s space.

Genetic Screening and Molecular Characterization of Hbv and Hcv in Rural and Urban Population of District Muzaffarabad Azad Kashmir by Using Nested Pcr

The infection of liver is known as hepatitis. It is observed that more than 2 billion people got life-threatening sickness due to HBV and more than 230-300 million people suffered from HCV around the globe. The present study dealt with 200 samples that were collected from rural and urban population of Muzaffarabad AJ&K. Both male and female genders of 15-70 years of age were included in the sample collection process. For detection of the presence of virus, initially ICT method was used for 200 samples. Among them only 11 sample from rural and 29 samples from urban population showed positive results of hepatitis virus B and C. Those samples were further confirmed for viral DNA and cDNA by using nested PCR. After performing nested PCR 1 (1%) individual of HBV and 4(4%) individuals of HCV were found PCR positive from rural and urban population. During gel electrophoresis the band size 230bp of HBV and 215bp of HCV were obtained on gel. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analysis was done after gene sequencing of PCR positive HBV and HCV samples. There were 99% resemblance of both HBV and HCV DNA sequence to the sequences present in Genbank by using NCBI Blast. By using MEGA7 program, phylogenetic tree was constructed and average pair wise mean distance obtained of HBV was 0.0037 and 0.23 of HCV. Moreover, the statistical analysis of the study showed risk factors assessment results from different carriers e.g., haircut from barber shops and local clinics. They gave significant values p=<0.0001 and p=<0.0001 respectively for spread of HBV and HCV in the studied population. The final results of study showed that the risk factor of hepatitis virus B and C was higher in urban population rather than in rural population.