بچے کی تعلیم و تربیت میں کردارِ ولی کے عصری تقاضے

This article is about the role and duties of guardian to manage the education of the children and to build up their behavior. So that they may lead the educated, civilized and well managed life and play their role in the development of an Islamic society. The duty of the guardians regarding the education of the child has been divided into four categories, which are education of aticates, religion, reading and writing and general and technical education. The guardians are bound to manage the commercial, industrial and technical education for their male wards and to educate their female wards cooking, tailoring and knitting. Scholastic views of different schools of thought along with their arguments have been discussed in this article.

Low Cost Municipal Wastewater Treatment

LOW COST MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT The present study on low-cost treatment of combined municipal wastewater (MWW) containing food industry effluents by up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) in combination with advanced oxidation process (AOP) as post treatment of UASB effluent can be summarized as under: Chemically enhanced primary treatment was first tested in the research to select best coagulant to reduce the pollutant load of MWW. Various coagulants viz. FeCl 3 , Moringa oleifera seed extract and alum were compared for their suitability to treat MWW. Different concentrations (4~32 mg L -1 ) were applied in a series of batch treatment process mode at 600-620 rpm stirring for five minutes. It was observed that alum was effective in reducing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) up-to acceptable level but above the optimized dose of alum total dissolved solids (TDS) were found increasing at greater extent. There was an increase of TDS when the level of alum was increased above the optimized value of 32 mg L -1 . The highest rate of pollutants removal load was observed when 22 to 30 mg L -1 of alum was used. Therefore, alum concentration in the range of 22 to 30 mg L -1 was an optimum dose for MWW treatment. Removal of COD and Ortho-Phosphorus can be possible with increased dose of alum but the cost of alum and increase of TDS shows less relatively favorable. Another low-cost option to compare with chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) was to test waste H 2 O 2 (40%) to treat domestic wastewater, where direct treatment of MWW was given as batch process by 40% waste H 2 O 2 . Waste H 2 O 2 proved as powerful oxidant in minimizing the organic load of MWW. The optimum dose of waste H 2 O 2 was found as 2.5 ml L -1 which significantly (p < 0.05) reduced biological oxygen demand (BOD 5 ) and COD in 120 min, thus meeting the national environmental quality standards (NEQS) for MWW. The results revealed that disinfection capacity of 40% waste H 2 O 2 @ 2.5 ml L -1 caused significant reduction of fecal coliform populations to less than half of the initial value while treating MWW. It was proved most successful and economical removal of COD and microbial load. The most attractive outcome in this regard is using waste from one industry to treat xmunicipal waste. The drawback in this regard, infrequent supply of waste H 2 O 2 from industry can stop the treatment process. Some industries were selected to treat their wastewater. Carwash industry was one of them whose effluent was not studied often. This wastewater contained high content of oil 83 mg L -1 and COD >1000 mg L -1 . Due to presence of oil it was not feasible to treat directly with alum or H 2 O 2 . Therefore aeration was added as pretreatment step to bring oil content to the surface where it was scraped out from aeration tank. Effluent from aeration tank was further treated with alum in second step and H 2 O 2 at third step. Treatment efficiency was 96% oil, COD, turbidity and TDS were reduced upto 93%, 94% and 74%, respectively. The present approach was proved cost effective and requires less space without any pH control. Only costly factor was aeration to separate the oil, other than aeration it can be more expensive to separate. Thus the treatment process can be applied on pilot scale to further evalute its efficiency. The present study also compared the effectiveness of used and fresh H 2 O 2 to treat the domestic waste and to reduce the alum dose for chemical sedimentation. It was observed that used waste 40% H 2 O 2 was very effective and economical. Fresh 35% H 2 O 2 can be purchased Rs 40/L from the market but used waste 40% H 2 O 2 can be obtained only from specific industries where it used for disinfection. Using 40% waste H 2 O 2 was found very effective to reduce COD, turbidity and microbial load. An addition step was merged into H 2 O 2 was ultra violet (UV) light to speed up the reaction. The proposed system was consists of two major step where first sediments was settled down with alum and decant from first step was used to treat with H 2 O 2 and UV in the same tank. This proposed system was effective (p < 0.05) to treat domestic wastewater but carwash and food industry wastewater may require other treatment steps need to be added. The combination of H 2 O 2 with UV light was found very effective (p < 0.05) to decrease BOD, COD, and turbidity and coliform bacteria in MWW. Waste H 2 O 2 generated from an industrial process of disinfection was found more effective in the treatment of domestic wastewater than fresh 35% H 2 O 2 . The waste H 2 O 2 can be applied in combinations with UV light to treat domestic wastewater effectively. The UASB reactor was used to treat mixed MWW at hydraulic retention time 24-48 hrs and at an average temperature 25-34oC. The aim was to test two stage xitreatment concept for low cost MWW treatment as UAB in first stage and waste H 2 O 2 40% 2 ml L -1 of UASB effluent at second stage. Moreover, the effect of micronutrients on the treatability of UAB was also investigated. After start up with glucose for first 15 days (first stage), the reactor was fed with macro and micronutrients synthetic nutrients influent (SNI) for 45 days (second stage). The maximum substrate removal rate was same 0.07 d -1 for both glucose and SNI. Removal efficiency of total suspended solids (TSS), COD, total nitrogen (TN), ortho phosphorus (Ortho-P) and Turbidity as 73%, 99%, 84%, 19% and 67%, respectively. Waste H 2 O 2 was found successful in NH 4+ removal during post treatment where 80% nitrogen was removed. Low cost integrated treatment using UASB and H 2 O 2 was found an excellent novel treatment choice for mixed MWW in developing countries. Anaerobic treatment in combination with post treatment of advanced oxidation process was employed to test the treatability of integrated process for confectionary wastewater mixed with MWW. Reactor was inoculated with 10 year old septic tank sludge and started up with glucose, macro and micro nutrients. The system was operated at 25-30oC, hydraulic retention time (HRT) 48 hrs for 25 days with post treatment with 40% waste H 2 O 2 . This waste H 2 O 2 was collected from industrial process after disinfection of packaging material. Reactor performance was evaluated by pre and post treatment analysis for COD, TSS, TDS, and turbidity and their removal efficiencies were up to 98.6%, 91%, 50% and 81%, respectively. Reactor achieved its full efficiency after feeding diluted wastewater at the value of 1/5, 1/3, 1/2 and 1/0 for 5 – 7 days each. Reactor achieved full efficiency in 25 days removing 98% COD from mixed wastewater. A batch peroxide treatment process was also added to reduce the turbidity and to increase the dissolved oxygen (DO) of treated effluent. The strategy was found quite applicable for the treatment of combined industrial and municipal effluents. Key words: Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket, advanced oxidation process, chemically enhanced primary treatment, national environmental quality standards.