Isolation of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria from the Rhizosphere of Different Plants and Assessment of Their Plant Growth Promotion Potential Isolation of Bacteria and their Assessment for Plant Growth Promotion Potential

Plant are benefitted in different aspects by symbiotic bacteria. Environmental conditions, Plant conditions and type of pathogens determine these important services for plants Objective: The research was conducted to assess the plant growth enhancing effects of wheat and cabbage rhizobacteria on the growth of wheat plantMethods: For this purpose, total 49 bacteria were isolated and characterized from the rhizosphere of wheat and cabbage plants. The isolates were assessed for plant growth promoting properties such as: indole acetic acid production, phosphate solubilization, antibacterial activity and heavy metal resistance. Indole acetic acid was found to be produced by 7 isolates and phosphate solubilization was shown by 20 isolates. Antibacterial activity was determined against four clinical isolates like Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosaResults: Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was shown by 38 isolates, 12 isolates showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp, whereas no isolate was found to bepositive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Another plant growth enhancing trait (heavy metal resistance) was shown by 28 rhizobacteria. In order to evaluate the capability of isolates to enhance the plant growth, bio-inoculation assay was performed using wheat seedsConclusions: Rhizobacterial inoculation increased the number of roots, shoots, leaves and roots and shoot length of wheat plantlets as compared to un-inoculated control.  

A dynamic open economy model of aid-growth nexus in Pakistan

We present a model of promises of foreign aid, stemming from Pakistan's bilateral and multilateral aid relationship during the 1980s and 1990s. According to the model , if there is promise of aid it is optimal to adjust expenditure and external debt instantaneously. If the promise is true, there is permanent increase in consumption and increase in external debt; however, the initial increase in external debt decrease with the flow of aid. If the promise is false, the outcome is sub optimal. The intermediate cases, such as when the promise is only partially true, are also analysed. The model is suggestive in explaining the nearly unsustainable levels of budget deficit and external debt of Pakistan over 1980-99