استنباطِ احکام میں ضعیف حدیث کا مقام اور فقہاء کی آراء کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ Analytical study of the Status of hadith e Da’eef in the interpretation of rulings and the opinions of the jurists

There are two main sources of Islam, one is the Book of Allah and the other is the Sunnah and Sira of the Prophet (peace be upon him). The Qur'an is the final collection of 23 years of divine revelation revealed to the Holy Prophet (PBUH) whose literal and spiritual preservation was undertaken by Allah Almighty Himself. Therefore, the Qur'an is the only book in the world which has one letter, one action and one line in its original state just as it was revealed to the pure heart of the Holy Prophet (sws) and the Holy Prophet (sws). The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) told the Sahaabah. That is why the greatest truth of Islam, the book is the living Qur'an. The second major basis of the reality of Islam is the pure Sira and Sunnah of the Prophet of Humanity, the Servant of the Universe. Like the Qur'an al-Hakim, every moment, every day and every angle of the life of the author of the Qur'an is in front of everyone like an open book with all its mysteries. Even in front of one's own and in front of others. A da’if hadith is a hadith which does not fulfil the conditions of the sahih or hassan hadith. Ruling: There is a difference of opinion between the ‘ulema on the ruling on acting upon weak hadiths. The reliable opinion is that weak hadiths can be acted upon for virtuous supererogatory deeds (fada’il al a’mal), for religious exhortation, and stories, and similar things that are not connected to legal rulings and tenants of belief. Keywords: Hadith, Hadith e Da’eef, Derivation of Ahkaam, Jurists, Different opinions.

A Corpus Based Analysis of Pakistani English

English has become a global language and virtually every nation is using it for national or international communication. It is helping the world to bridge the ethnic and linguistic differences. Although it has got international status, it is also exhibiting local cultural traits. It enjoys global ownership and the age old concept that it only reflects the Judo-Christian cultural traditions has been rejected at least by the language scholars around the globe. In this evolutionary process, new dialects and varieties are emerging. A plethora of research activity, in line with the ‘World Englishes’ tradition, is being conducted around the globe. The issues like status of the newly emerging varieties of English and the similarities and differences between the native and nativised varieties, are being vigorously studied. English, in Pakistan, enjoys the status of a privileged official language. English is being used both for country internal as well as external functions. English language has been nativised in Pakistan. Pakistani English is similar to British and American English to the extent that it does not impede communication but it has developed a flavor and colour of its own. Pakistani English is not a well researched variety. Only a handful of research studies have been conducted so far, pointing to some of the variety specific features, but all of these researches are intuition based or have relied on chance examples. No quantitative data based comparative study of the variety exists till to-date. The present research is an attempt to make a corpus based analysis of Pakistani English and to find some characteristic features of the variety which are different from the British and American varieties. It is basically a quantitative, corpus based comparative research. Two million words corpora, each from Pakistani, British and American written Englishes have been employed to outline the characteristic features of Pakistani English. The research question, ‘Whether Pakistani English is an independent variety’, has not been completely answered by the present research as the data available was not sufficient enough to make any conclusive judgement. But it is still considered a step forward, in the sense that in this research corpus based methodology has been used to study the variety specific features of Pakistani English. On the one hand, it has verified some of the earlier judgements about Pakistani English and on the other hand it has pointed out the new areas which have not been discussed in the previous literature about Pakistani English. Some of the areas like the use of subjunctive, verb particle, and complementation have been explored by the linguists to study the distinctive features of the non native varieties. The same has been done in the case of Pakistani English and the results indicate that these areas show potential differences among the native varieties, i.e. British and American Englishes, and the Pakistani English which need to be explored further. The results point out that Pakistani English is an independent, systematic, and rule governed variety which shares features both with the British and American Englishes.