حقوق الإنسان المدنية من خلال وثيقة المدينة: دراسة مقارنة بالمواثيق الدولية

حقوق الإنسان المدنية من خلال وثيقة المدينة: دراسة مقارنة بالمواثيق الدولية This research aims to give the reader a comprehensive view of civil human rights through a comparative study of the Charter of Medina and international conventions. The Charter of Medina designed the foundation of a multi-religious Islamic state in Medina, as it was signed to end the rancorous intertribal aggression among the opposing tribes of Banu ’Aws and Banu Khazraj in Medina and to uphold harmony and co-operation among all Medinan groups. Its major accomplishment was fetching confrontational clans together to form a community and inaugurating long term peace among them. It put an end to the predominant disorder and sheltered the life, self-determination, property and religious freedom for all people. The paper highlights the relevance and importance of civil human rights through the Charter of Medina as well as international conventions in the up-to-date worldwide civilization. The present research examines the historical document of Charter of Medina and elucidates it through examples from Quran and Sunnah as well as compares its core values with international conventions. In this regard the views of the past and contemporary scholarship are also discussed to analyze the challenges and issues of current time. In recent times the efforts and implications of civil human rights have unfolded in many different ways so it is very important for Muslims to know and to relate the Sharī’ah ruling regarding it. The research concludes that as compare to the international convections the system of justice in the Islamic Sharī’ah ensures all rights and with liabilities.

Exploring the Perceptions and Practices of District Officers Education Elementary Doees Regarding Effective Primary Schools in One of the Districts of Sindh, Pakistan

This research study aims to explore the perceptions and practices of District Officers Education Elementary (DOEEs) regarding effective primary schools in one of the districts of Sindh, Pakistan. The focus of the research study was primarily to identify as to what are the perceptions and practices of DOEEs about effective primary schools. The research study was conducted in the context of rural Sindh through a case study approach within the qualitative research paradigm. The research study shows that there are so many hindering and helping factors for DOEEs in exercising their powers. The data shows that though the district education system is running under the same management, but the ground realities regarding effective schools are very different in urban and rural schools. Urban schools run on double shift bases with more teachers and less enrollment of students; whereas, rural schools run on single shift basis, with a very high enrollment rate and minimum number of teachers, or only one teacher for all the classes. Furthermore, the interference of political persons and teachers union are the major factors that hinder the DOEEs in exercising their roles and responsibilities effectively for running the schools efficiently. Other common hindering factors include the lack of basic facilities or their poor condition (teaching material, drinking water, functional washrooms, shortage of teachers, etcetera) and very low budget (Rupees 20,000/= for three years per primary school) to meet the regular expenses of the schools. The helping factor for DOEEs is, there is a well-organised administration structure, which is helpful in the smooth running of the schools in the district. The findings of the research study will be helpful to the existing DOEEs and of the future ones in exercising their powers. The research study will also provide a potential resource for future researchers to explore more about the different aspects of how educational leadership becomes an effective method in managing the quality of education in their jurisdictions.