الاصابہ فی تمییز الصحابہ میں نماز و روزے سے متعلقہ روایاتِ اَحکام کا تحقیقی جائزہ Research Review of the Traditions of Rulings on Prayer and Fasting in Al-Aṣābah Fī Tamīz al-Ṣaḥābah

The book “Al-Aṣābah Fī Tamīz al-Ṣaḥābah” is a famous book of Ibn Ḥajar ‘Asqalānī on the life and contribution of the Companions. This book is quoted as a reference to decide the status of companions. It would not be wrong to call it the encyclopedia of the companions of the Holy Prophetﷺ. Apart from its status as a reference book regarding the companions this book encompasses the Seerah of Holy Prophet in a detailed and well composed manner. The distinction of the book is not hidden from the experts of science and research. In the book and other similar books, the life of the companions was discussed and the biography of the Prophet ﷺwas also described, but another aspect that remained unexplored in these books is the virtues and commandments mentioned in it. There are also narrations about virtues. In this paper the researcher has evaluated the Hadiths related to prayer and fasting that are narrated in Al-Aṣābah Fī Tamīz al-Ṣaḥābah. The evaluation comprises of authenticity of narrators and text, narrators’ mutual association or disassociation and the final decree about the authenticity of a hadith in the light of all available evidences.

Computational Analysis of Hepatitis B Virus Genotype D Sub Genotype D1 Circulating in Pakistan, China and India

Complete genome of HBV is almost 3200 base pair long having semicircular shaped double stranded DNA, so far classified into ten genotypes labeled A to J, about 40 sub genotypes and 4 serotypes adr, adw, ayr, ayw. Distribution of HBV genotype D and sub genotype D1 is mostly predominant in Pakistan and India about more than 80% among all genotypes of HBV. While it is less dominant in China where genotype B and C predominates. Focus of this study is the computational analysis of HBV genotype D sub genotype D1 comprising Sequence analysis done using PROBCONS, Phylogenetic analysis performed by MEGA software program, Gene structure analysis using GSDS 2.0 version and Protein structure analysis using BLASTP and SWISS-MODEL.For all these analysis sample of 54 complete genome sequences of HBV genotype D sub genotype D1 were used. Representation of 3 selected countries was subject to the availability of data at Genbank. Six complete genome sequences were obtained from Pakistan 14 from China and 34 sequences were from India. Sequence alignment shows less than 4% divergence in reported sequences from Pakistan, India and China. C and X genes showed divergence of less than 3%. While comparison over the S gene showed similarity ratio of genotype D sub genotype D1 is 97?98%. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that Pakistan HBV, complete genome isolate have the closest evolutionary relationship with its neighboring countries China and India. Sub genotype D1 isolates from China (HQ833466) and Pakistan (AB583680.1) share same ancestor. Gene structure showed coding region exons of ?P? gene is largest about 75% of the gene size while gene ?S? has 2nd largest coding region. However, ?C? and ?X? genes have one smallest exon. Using BLASTP Protein structure showed that similar kind of proteins from different sequences share identical structure format. X proteins were 92% identical, both of Polymerase and Middle S proteins were 99% identical, large surface and pre-core/core proteins have 98% similar structural features relative to its own type. Results from all three X proteins homology models using SWISS MODEL revealed GMQE=0.1. Global and local quality estimate scores including Z-scores for QMEAN CBeta, All Atom, Solvation and Torsion Energy scores were similar indicating good quality, accuracy and reliability of predicted models. 3D visualization showed similar structures and Ramachandran plots showed high percentage of protein residues into favorable region for X Protein Models.