صہباؔ لکھنوی
صہبا لکھنوی مدت سے بیمار تھے، وہ خلقتاً بھی نحیف اور کمزور تھے، اس کے باوجود افکار کی ترتیب و ادارت اور اس سے متعلقہ کاموں کی نگرانی کرتے تھے، بالآخر ۳۱؍ مارچ ۲۰۰۲ء میں پیامِ اجل آگیا، مرحوم ’’افکار‘‘ کے بانی مدیر تھے اور صحافیوں کی اس نسل سے تعلق رکھتے تھے جو صلہ و ستائش سے بے پروا ہوکر ادب پروری اور صحافت وادب کے فروغ کے لیے صحافت کے پیشے سے وابستہ ہوتی تھی۔
صہبا صاحب کا اصل نام سید شرافت علی تھا، ان کا آبائی وطن لکھنؤ تھا، مگر وہ ۲۵؍ دسمبر ۱۹۱۹ء کو بھوپال میں پیدا ہوئے تھے، تقسیم سے پہلے یہیں رہایش پذیر تھے اور ۱۹۴۵ء میں یہیں سے ماہنامہ افکار جاری کیا اور اپنی ساری قوت و توانائی اسی میں لگا دی، ان میں شعر و ادب اور نقد و نظر کی جو صلاحیتیں اور قابلیتیں پنہاں تھیں۔ ان کو افکار کے لیے قربان کردیا اور اپنے نوک خامہ سے دوسرے ارباب قلم کی تحریریں چمکاتے اور افکار میں شایع کر کے ان کی ہمت و حوصلہ بڑھاتے اور ان کی عزت افزائی کرتے، انہوں نے بڑے بڑے ادیبوں کی تحریروں کے معاملے میں اپنا حقِ ادارت محفوظ رکھا اور ان کی کوئی رورعایت نہیں کی۔
تقسیم کے بعد کراچی آئے تو افکار نے یہاں سے دوسرا جنم لیا، صہبا صاحب مالی مشکلات اور دوسری پریشانیوں سے دوچار ہوئے اور لوگوں کی نکتہ چینی کا نشانہ بنے مگر افکار کی خدمت و ترقی میں ہمہ تن منہمک رہے، رات دن اٹھتے بیٹھتے اور چلتے پھرتے افکار ہی ان کے دل و دماغ پر چھایا رہتا تھا، ان کے پاس زیادہ سرمایہ نہ تھا لیکن جو کچھ اور جس قدر تھا سب افکار کی نذر کردیا۔ اپنے بعد بھی اس کو جاری رکھنے کے لیے افکار فاؤنڈیشن...
The present research work is an investigation of Rotifers from flood plains of Balloki Head Works using diversity indices. Objective: To study the density and diversity of rotifers of flood plain. Methods: collection of rotifers was done from the shore of flood plains from September to July. In total, 15 different species were identified. Rotifers were extracted from soil sample by a customized Baermann Funnel method. A moderate diversity of rotifers was explored by Shannon – Weaver. Simpson index of dominance supported this result. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there was no significant difference in population density of rotifers among months as the p-value was greater than 5% (α= 0.05). Population density of rotifers was negatively correlated with water temperature and pH whereas a positive correlation was observed with electrical conductivityResults: Overall a moderate diversity was observed. Rotifer density and distribution was under the influence of physico-chemical parameters.
This research study explores the integration, the degree of implementation of Lean and Agile improvement initiatives and their impact on business performance in Apparel export industry of Pakistan. Lean and Agile improvement initiatives have emerged as 21st century manufacturing paradigms. Lean and Agile Manufacturing are well recognized as improvement initiatives in the field of Operations’ Management that organizations pursuit to achieve competitiveness. An explicit understanding of inter-relationship of these improvement initiatives still lacks in the field of Operations Management and vagueness exists, whether Lean (Total Quality Management & Just-in-Time) and Agile Manufacturing are mutually supportive, mutually exclusive or one is antecedent to the other. Moreover, if antecedent to each other, then question arises which component is antecedent to the other? A 3-Stage Conceptual Framework is proposed to investigate the inter-relationship between Lean (Total Quality Management & Just-in-Time) and Agile Manufacturing and their impact on business performance in Apparel export industry of Pakistan. The proposed conceptual framework incorporates management and common infrastructure (internal and external) practices required to enable core Lean (Total Quality Management & Just-in-Time) and Core Agile Manufacturing. Stage-1 is organization culture stage, stage-2 is core manufacturing and stage-3 constitutes of business performance measures. A set of Management, Common Infrastructure (internal and external) practices, and Core Total Quality Management, Core Just-in-Time and Core Agile Manufacturing practices is identified through literature review. The proposed framework fit is assessed by employing three forms (Universal, Contingency and Configurational perspectives) of fit. A survey from 248 Apparel export firms of Pakistan is performed to test empirical validity of the conceptual framework. Multi-items constructs already developed are used to measure these practices. Moreover, Core Agile Manufacturing construct comprising three sub-dimensions (Change Proficiency, Knowledge Management and Advance Manufacturing Technology) is developed and its psychometric properties are empirically validated. The proposed framework fitness, employing five forms of fit (Direct Covariation, Mediation, Moderation, Profile Deviation and Gestalt), is tested using multiple analysis methods like Structural Equation Modeling (Covariance Base and Partial Least Squares) for direct covariation, indirect covariation (mediation) and moderation fit, multiple regression analysis for profile deviation fit and discriminant analysis for gestalt fit. At macro level, the xxii proposed framework is partially modified as Core Just-in-Time practices fail to directly link with Core Agile Manufacturing practices. However, the same is redirected through common external infrastructure practices based on theoretical justification. Moreover, core Total Quality Management and Core Just-in-Time practices fail to contribute directly in Operational Performance, nonetheless, Core Agile Manufacturing practices positively mediate the same relationship. At micro level, top management commitment, inward focus (strategic vision and planning, employees training and empowerment, information system), outward focus (relationship with customer and suppliers), and Core Agile Manufacturing (change proficiency, knowledge management and advance manufacturing technology) significantly differentiate between high and low performers. Modified framework is also tested under organizational and business environmental contexts. Firm size, ISO-9001 Registration, competitive pressures, market dynamics and technological turbulence moderate the mutual relationship among management, common infrastructure (internal and external), and core manufacturing practices and impact on business performance. The final 3-stage empirically validated framework provides a strategic direction, at macro (system) and micro (sub-system) level, to the managers of Apparel export industry of Pakistan in particular, and manufacturing managers in general, to remain competitive and achieve business performance milestones (Operational Performance, Market Performance & Financial Performance). Overall, this research study resolves the long outstanding and conflicting issue in the field of Operations’ Management and provides a detailed theoretical and empirical justification for Lean (Total Quality Management & Just-in-Time) and Agile Manufacturing implementation under universal, contingency and configurational perspectives in Apparel export industry of Pakistan. Moreover, this study contributes in the field of Operations’ Management explicitly establishing that Core Lean (Total Quality Management & Just-in-Time) is antecedent to Core Agile Manufacturing and both paradigms in combination increase business performance.