اردو کے ادبی اور تحقیقی رسائل و جرائد کا تعارف
رسالہ کسے کہتے ہیں؟
رسالہ ان مطبوعات کو کہتے ہیں جو وقفے وقفے سے بار بار شائع ہوتے ہیں۔ رسالے کو مجلہ یا جریدہ بھی کہتے ہیں۔کچھ رسائل پندرہ روزہ ، ماہانہ ، دوماہی، سہ ماہی، ششماہی اور سالانہ ہوتے ہیں۔تحقیقی وادبی رسائل اپنے عہد کے تخلیقی سفر کے اہم ترین دستاویزات شمار ہوتے ہیں۔جہاں وہ ایک طرف اہل قلم کے نگار شات سے قارئین کو استفادہ کا موقع دیتے ہیں۔ وہاں ناقدین ، مؤرخین اور محققین کے لیے بھی ایسا مواد فراہم کرتے ہیں۔ جس سے کسی مخصوص عہد کے ادبی و تحقیقی رجحانات کا اندازہ لگایا جا سکتا ہے۔
اردو زبان وادب کے ارتقا میں ادبی و تحقیقی رسائل نے ہمیشہ بنیادی کردار ادا کیا ہے۔ادبی رسائل عوام کی ذہنی تربیت میں ایک مؤثر اور فعال کے قوت کے طور پر کام کرتے ہیں۔آج کا ادب جب ماضی کا حصہ بن جاتا ہے۔ تو ادبی رسالہ ہی اس خزینے کو تحفظ عطا کرتاہے۔ اور یہ تنقید و تحقیق کے لیے بنیادی ماخذ کی حیثیت اختیار کرجاتاہے۔
رسائل کی اقسام :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh reinokulasi jamur dan bakteri pada Tithonia sebagai pagar lorong dalam memperbaiki sifat fisika tanah. Metoda yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 3 kelompok. Hasil penelitian di uji secara statistik dengan uji F, bila berbeda nyata dilanjutkan dengan uji Beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ) pada taraf 5 %. Adapun perlakuan di lapangan yaitu: A = Kontrol (titonia tanpa perlakuan mikroba), B = Mikoriza (campuran) + Azospirillum + Azotobakter, C = Tanpa pagar lorong titonia, D = Mikoriza (campuran) + JPF, E = Mikoriza (campuran) + BPF, F = Mikoriza (campuran) + BPF + JPF. Percobaan menggunakan 6 perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa titonia sebagai pagar lorong yang direinokulasi dengan gabungan mikoriza + Jamur Pelarut Fosfat mempunyai kemampuan terbesar dalam mengurangi aliran permukaan sekitar 165.2 m3/ha (73.86 %) dan tanah tererosi sebanyak 0.81 ton/ha (82.65 %). Sedangkan Berat volume tanah tertinggi diperlihatan oleh perlakuan C (tanpa pagar lorong titonia) sebesar 0.83 g/cm3 dan yang terendah pada perlakuan D (mikoriza + JPF) sebesar 0.72 g/cm3.
Cognitive Radio has gained worldwide attention from research communities and is expected to be a revolutionary technology for the next generation (4G) wireless systems. In this dissertation, Amplify-and-Forward (AF) based relay-assisted cognitive radio networks (RCRNs) are studied in an underlay spectrum sharing environment. The primary issue faced by underlay networks is the limited transmit power ability of the secondary users (SUs) due to the interference constraints towards the primary users (PUs), which reduces secondary throughput and allows only short- range communication. Thus, performance enhancement of secondary communication in the frequency bands allocated to the PUs is a major design challenge faced by the underlay RCRNs. It requires relay selection along with the fine tuning and adjustment of the transmit power of the secondary relays. In this thesis, we proposed advanced multiple relay selection schemes for secondary network in the Rayleigh flat-fading scenario considering the availability of perfect instantaneous channel state information (CSI). The effects of variations in the instantaneous CSI, transmit power of source and relays, interference threshold of the primary network, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold of the secondary network and size of potential relay network on multiple relay selection in underlay RCRNs are the main issues that are analyzed in depth in this research. Furthermore, the performance analysis of multiple relay selection has been carried out and closed form expressions for the outage probability and average probability of error have been derived through the cumulative distributive function (CDF) of the received SNR at secondary destination, which is a new contribution to the AF-based underlay RCRNs. The optimization tool used in this study is Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) global optimizer. Another novel idea proposed in this dissertation is Fuzzy Rule Based System (FRBS) for multiple relay selection and transmit power allocation (RSTPA), which is a new contribution to the underlay RCRNs. The proposed FRBS assisted RSTPA schemes aim to perform intelligent multiple relay selection for performance enhancement of secondary communication in power constrained RCRNs. It is proved through simulations that FRBS is an optimal choice to solve the non-linear optimization problems of SNR maximization and transmit power minimization. Another contribution of this research is in the field of spectrum sensing in CRNs. Spectrum sensing faces a lot of challenges in terms of reliability and accuracy of information for detection and estimation of primary transmissions in CRNs. The advantages and limitations of different cooperative and non-cooperative spectrum sensing schemes have been studied in detail, and a novel spectrum sensing scheme based on uniform linear array (ULA) of sensors is proposed, which not only detects the number of sources, but also estimates their parameters such as frequency, Direction-of-Arrival (DOA) and power strength. The effectiveness and reliability of the proposed scheme is proved under low SNR conditions. Genetic Algorithm (GA) hybridized with Pattern Search (PS) is used to optimize the results. All the proposed algorithms have been investigated through simulations under different design requirements, constraints and a well-defined range of different parameters to validate their significance and effectiveness.