دلالة النص على مبادئ الشريعة الإسلامية في الدساتير العربية وأثره في تنظيم مبدأ المساواة بين المواطنين

This research is about the effect of text meaning on the constitutional rule that related to the Islamic Sharia principles. The Islamic Sharia principles are the source of legislation in the Arab constitutions. It will also look in the impact of this constitutional rule on organizing the principle of equality among citizens in various fields; equality in front of the law and judicature, and equality in rights and freedoms. In particular, this research highlights how the impact of text on the constitutional rule affects on organizing the equality between Muslim and non-Muslim citizens, also between men and women of Muslim citizens. Thus, this research has been split into four topics that addressed respectively as follows: First, what is Islamic Sharia and Legislation in Islamic Fiqh (doctrine). Second, the semantics of multiple formulations of the Islamic Sharia principle as a source of legislation in the constitution. Third, the principle of equality in both, the Islamic Sharia and the positive law. Finally, the impact of the text on the Islamic Sharia principle of Arab constitutions in organizing the equality principle among citizens. The research concluded with set of results that can be summarized as follows: Every formula that has been used in the constitutional rule of the Islamic Sharia principle in the Arabic countries has a different semantics and results that lead to different obligations in the way of organizing the equality principle in the legislative bodies either in constitution's document or in ordinary laws. Also, the research concluded that the Islamic Sharia as a public principle doesn't conflict with the positive law in recognizing the equality principle among citizens in different fields, but the conflict is in the understanding and application of some fields of equality among citizens in different religions and genders. The researcher came with set of recommendations including clarifying wording of the text that related to the Islamic Sharia principle in the Arab constitution rules. These clarifications should prevent any other interpretations. In addition, the researcher suggested to adopt this formula: the original principles of Islamic Sharia is the main source of legislation. Also, formulations of equality principle among citizens in all its manifestations in the constitutions must be consistent with the original Islamic Sharia principle. Also, all the texts that related to the equality among citizens, and between men and women should included the sentence "with no conflict with the original Islamic Sharia principles".

Systematics of Dragonflies Anisoptera: Odonata of Pakistan

Extensive field survey to collect Anisopterous fauna of Pakistan was carried out during 2006 – 2009 in different Agro ecological regions of Pakistan. A total of 1349 specimen belonging to 05 families 39 genera and 68 species were collected and identified. Family Aeshnidae having 09 species belonging to 06 genera, Cordulegasteridae only one species, Corduliidae having 03 species of 02 genera, Gomphidae 12 species of 09 genera and Libellulidae have 43 species belonging to 21 genera were recorded from Pakistan. Seven species, viz, Anaciaeshna jaspidea Burmeister, Anax indicus Lieftinck, Gynacanthaeshna sikkima (Karsch), Epopthalmia vittata vittata Burmeister, Macromia moorei Selys, Onychogomphus biforceps (Selys) and Rhodothemis rufa (Rambar) are reported first time from Pakistan and have been added to the existing anisopterous fauna of the country. Details for the collected material i.e. valid names, their synonyms, measurement of body parts (abdomen, forewing and hindwing length), habitat description, date of collection, distribution range in Pakistan as well as international distribution and differential characters from published description for new records to country have been provided. Coloured images of new to Pakistan species, geographical and climatic condition of all sixty-eight species are also presented first time. Taxonomic keys for families, genera and species are also presented. Check lists of all ten agro- ecological regions are presented first time from Pakistan. As a whole 68 species were recorded from Pakistan with 153 new localities record for 45 species, which include 61 species of Anisoptera that have been reported previously from Pakistan. It was an addition to science and this addition will explore new areas of biological control.