اردو اور ہندی کا لسانی اشتراک و افتراق

اردو اور ہندی کا لسانی اشتراک و افتراق Initially was only language used to express human ideas. In every age, along with customs and traditions, language also went through stages of evaluation. That is why language of each region is unique. This uniqueness of languages is of its identity. Like human beings, languages also have their own families, and different languages grow as sub- branches of language family. They flourish and sometimes thrive and come to life through process of evolution. When some languages die out. Urdu and Hindi also belong to large languages families. They have a deep relationship. And speaking of same relationship, some tinkers do not separate them from each other. When it sometimes thinkers, there is difference between in the two. At a glance, we will mention the linguistic similarities and difference between Urdu and Hindi. Where are places and where there is difference between them, but all of them are mentioned here.

Formal Design and Verifications in Parallel File Systems

In this dissertation, the architecture of the existing file systems such as EXT, NTFS and UFS is reviewed. A study of space utilization patterns in different file systems has been presented. Effects of directory depth on file access have been discussed. Moreover, the use of formal approaches in design and verifications of parallel file systems are presented. Prototype verification system (PVS) is used as a tool to specify and verify the file system architecture. We used a top down approach to formalize the hierarchical file systems. The most important aspects of a file system such as read, write, delete and move are formalized using refinement techniques where abstract definitions of these operations are specified and then refined towards a pointer based application. Furthermore, formal specification and verification of the cyclic data striping algorithm for parallel file systems have been presented with the help of proof assistant PVS. Our study of applying formal methods to parallel file system design opens many new directions for the future research. Formalizing the complete parallel file system is a grand challenge for the scientific community. The hard links and file system security must be formally designed and verified for building robust, reliable and error free parallel file system architectures. Several different algorithms for tree structure organization of data files must be formally verified before use in parallel file systems.