Historical Contribution of Islamic Waqf in Human Capital Development Through Funding Education

Islam being a complete code of life encompasses all aspects of a person’s personal and social life. Islam considers those as Muslims who submit to the will of Allah Almighty in all aspects of life. Islam is not merely a matter of private life and its worship system is not restricted only to a set of rituals, but has pervasive social consequences and develops a strong sense of moral society based on system of rules around center of universal concept of justice. Therefore, Islam proposed institutions with relation to justice, governance, cooperation and solidarity for achieving high economic growth and development. Achievement of development and growth of economy is fast in a society or country if it has developed human capital (human resource). Human capital is developed when education is imparted and facilities of health and sound life are provided to human beings. According to Islamic principles, if human beings cannot afford proper education in the society (or other facilities such as health care) then those who are well off endow their properties in Zakat, Awqaf (plural of waqf) and Charities for their better development and nourishment. These properties when endowed as Awqaf are deployed for propagation of education (knowledge, skills, training etc.) by establishing Madrassas (schools, maktabs, colleges, universities etc.) libraries, translating books, and conducting research. In Islamic society there were many Awqaf founded for establishing Madrassas. This paper is dedicated to discuss the development of human capital through education funded by Islamic Awqaf by reviewing literature.

Formulation, Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Statistically Optimized Solid Lipid Microparticles of Cardiovascular Drugs

The use of Ivabradine (IBH) and Nebivolol (NEB) are considered as being effective and safe but their short plasma half-life and decreased bioavailability in conventional formulations demand frequent dosing which ultimately reduce patient compliance. The purpose of this research was to prepare Solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) of IBH and NEB to overcome the inadequacies associated with conventional formulation and to release drugs in a sustained fashion. Preliminary studies were performed to identify the effect of independent variables like concentration of lipid polymer like beeswax (BW), carnaubawax (CW), stearic acid (St-A), Glyceryle monostearate (GMS) and surfactant like tween 20 (T-20) and tween 80 (T-80). IBH and NEB loaded SLMs were designed in five different batches with different concentrations of a single or combination of lipid polymer by simple melt emulsification technique and solvent evaporation method. Central composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) was applied on every batch of SLMs to study the impact of three independent variables on responses like percentage yield (Y1), entrapment efficiency-EE-(Y2) and drug release (Y3) at pH 6.8 for 12hr. In every batch of SLMs, the compatibility of drugs with lipid polymer was checked by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder Diffractometry (XRD). SLMs were further analyzed for rheological behavior, zeta potential, size and for morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM).The drug release data was analyzed by different kinetic models. Numerical optimization techniques were applied and an optimized formulation (OF) from every batch (total 5 optimized formulations) were further prepared and then characterized for in-vitro and in-vivo pharmacokinetic behaviour in healthy male volunteers. Before performing in-vivo drug analysis, HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of IBH and NEB was developed and validated for linearity and range, intra- and inter-day precision, accuracy, recovery, limit of detection and limit of quantification. The experimental conditions of HPLC method were optimized by using CCRD, in which, flow rate, pH of buffer and wavelength were used as independent factors in order to optimize three dependent factors like retention time, number of theoretical plates and tailing factor of NEB and IBH. Noncompartmental model approach was used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters including the area under the plasma concentration–time curve from zero to infinity (AUC0-∞), Tmax, Cmax, t1/2, MRT and kel. All data was expressed as mean ± SD (standard deviation). Spherical, smooth surface SLMs having good rheological behavior were obtained. The resultant data from FTIR, DSC and XRD concluded the absence of any interaction between formulation components. Zeta-potential study confirmed better stability of optimized SLMs because of presence of negative charge on OF1 (-30mV to 52mV), OF2 (-25mV to -60mV), OF3 (-20mV-40mV), OF4 (-20mV to -40mV) and OF5 (-40 to -60). The size of SLMs ranged from ranged from 300µm to 400µm (OF1), 20µm to 120µm (OF2), 80µm to 220µm (OF3), 20µm to 100µm (OF4) and from 05µm to 20µm (OF5). The SLMs prepared from solvent evaporation technique (OF2, OF4, OF5) were found to have smaller size with smoother spherical surface as compared to SLMs (OF1) produced by simple emulsion congealing technique. The dependent variables had followed quadratic, 2F1 and linear models. The obtained outcomes of Y1, Y2 and Y3 for all of the SLMs have shown a significant dependence on formulation conditions. The Y1 and Y2 were found to be varied from 38 to 90% and 29 to 78% indicating the effect of formulation variables. The drug release Y3 was found to be 46 -88% and was significantly (p˂0.05) affected by lipid polymer concentration. The release mechanism followed the zero order and Korsmeyer-Peppas (n˃0.85) kinetic models suggesting slow erosion alongwith diffusion mechanism. A highly precise, robust, economical, specific, sensitive, less time consuming and accurate HPLC method was successfully developed and validated in mobile phase and human plasma as evident from short retention time and run time. The mobile phase consisting of mixture of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer maintained at pH of 3.5 in the volumetric ratio of 1:1 led to achievement of the best resolution. The optimized HPLC experimental conditions involve a flow rate of 1 mL/min under which, a good retention time of 3.591 minutes for NEB and 2.21 minutes for IBH was obtained. The optimized SLMs OF3 (Group C), OF4 (Group D) and OF5 (Group E) have significantly higher (P˂0.005) Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-24, MRT0-24 and t1/2 than those obtained from OF1 (Group A) and OF2 (Group B) because of use of a combination of lipid polymers. However, OF1 and OF2 were found to be better as compared to marketed brands of IBH (Group F) and NEB (Group G).The difference in Tmax, AUC0-24, MRT0-24 for OF3, OF4, OF5 was found to be statistically insignificant, however these parameters were found to be higher for OF5. The marketed brands of IBH and NEB released the drugs immediately resulting in rapid drug absorption with lower Tmax and lower AUC values. Results of the study clearly depicted the suitability of lipids as carriers for designing a controlled release SLMs which would definitely increase the clinical utility of IBH and NEB to improve the patient compliance by decreasing dosing frequency and drugs associated side effects particularly in the cases of chronic illnesses like Hypertension. The results of pharmacokinetic analysis were quite suggestive of prominent effect of SLM formulations on in-vivo behavior of drugs and they can be considered a prospective administration system for once-a-day oral administration of a medicament. Key Words: Beeswax, Carnauba wax, Central composite rotatable design (CCRD), DSC, FTIR, Glyceryle monostearate, HPLC, Ivabradine, Melt Emulsion Congealing Technique, Nebivolol, Solid Lipid Microparticles, Solvent evaporation process, Stearic acid, XRD.