Gender based Differences in COVID-19 patients

Coronaviruses are a huge family of viruses that originate disease extending from the common cold to further fatal maladies. Objective: The study was conducted to determine the gender based differences in COVID-19 patients. Methods: Study included total 150 participants visiting Department of Medicine, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. Data were collected through self-structured questionnaire using non-probability convenient sampling. Prior written informed consents were taken from the participants. Ethical approval was taken fromThe University of Lahore, Lahore. Data were analyzed through SPSS version 25.0. Results: Results showed that among the comorbidities hypertension was most common in COVID-19 patients followed by diabetes mellitus, especially in females. Whereas renal disorders and asthma were most reported in males. Analysis revealed that there was a significant association (p=0.001) between disease severity and gender. Conclusion: Study concluded that there was significant association between gender and disease severity.

Kinetic Simulation, Sensitivity Analysis of Fission Product Activity and Source Term Evaluation for Typical Accident Scenarios in Nuclear Reactors

Saeed Ehsan Awan, PhD, Department of Physics & Applied Mathematics, PIEAS, June 2012. "Kinetic Simulation, Sensitivity Analysis of Fission Product Activity and Source Term Evaluation for Typical Accident Scenarios in Nuclear Reactors”; Supervisor: Dr. Nasir. M. Mirza; Co-Supervisor: Dr. Sikander M. Mirza; Department of Physics & Applied Mathematics, PIEAS, Nilore 45650, Islamabad. With growing demands of safe and reliable energy resources worldwide, nuclear power plants present viable option. A two third majority of these plants are PWRs. In comparison with their competitors, PWRs suffer from significantly higher dose rate due to radioactivity in the primary circuit which is dominantly contributed by corrosion and followed by fission products leakage from fuel. There has been extensive investigation in developing corrosion resistance alloys. But the problem of corrosion product activity in primary circuit has aggravated in view of trend towards high burn-ups, high temperatures, and longer-life time reactors. Under this scenario, the significance of fission products releases becomes even higher. The fission product activity (FPA) is considered to be the second leading contributor towards prevalent radiation levels in Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs). The elevated radiation level results in delay and prolongation of routine repair/maintenance tasks of reactor’s cooling system, which not only reduces its effectiveness but also results in several million dollars revenue loss per power plant annually. However the reliable estimates of fission product activity (FPA) are also significant for the evaluation of fuel performance, assessment of radiological consequences in case of any accident releasing radioactivity and scheduling repair/maintenance tasks. The detailed knowledge about radioactivity build up and sensitivity analysis of fission product activity (FPA) is essential for reducing the plant maintenance time, which also helps to reduce the dose for plant operators and general public. In this work, first a model is developed for dynamic and static sensitivity analysis of fission product activity in primary coolant of typical pressurized water reactor (PWR). It has been implemented in the FPCART based computer program FPCART-SA that carries out sensitivity analysis of fission product activity (FPA) using both static as well as dynamic approaches. For long steady power operation of reactor, the computed values of normalized static sensitivity have been compared with the corresponding values obtained by using the dynamic sensitivity analysis. The normalized sensitivity values for the reactor power (P), failed fuel fraction (D), Coolant leakage rate (L), total mass of coolant (m) and the let down flow rate (Q) have been calculated and the values: 1.0, 0.857, -2.0177 × 10-6, 2.349 × 10-4, -2.329 × 10-4 have been found correspondingly for Kr-88 with the dominant values of fission product activity (FPA) as 0.273 μCi/g. In the second part of this study, evaluation of time dependence of source term has been carried out for a typical reactor system. The modeling and simulation of release of radioactivity has been carried out by developing a computer program FPARA which uses the ORIGEN2 code as subroutine, for core inventory calculations. Time dependent release of fission product activity to the containment and air has been simulated for loss of coolant accident scenarios. For noble gases, iodine and for aerosols, the release rate studies have been carried out for different leakage rates from containment. Effects of fraction of source in the coolant that is directly available after the accident on volumetric fission product activity were studied. Results show that volumetric activity in the containment air for different fission products remains strong function of decay constants, leakage rates, retention factors, deposition rates and fractional release rates.