یورپ میں قرآن کریم کی طباعت اور تراجم کے مختلف ادوار

After Second World War, when the distances between the East and the West began to reduce and the west paid attention to the eastern knowledge seriously. Especially European countries took interests in Islamic subjects and a new trend was generated which is known as Orientalism and the people who acquire the subjective knowledge are being called orientalists. In this connection the orientalists started shown keen interest in learning Islamic subjects and with that interest their object was not to spread the religion Islam but to negate and cancel the true picture of true religion Islam, fear of dominancy of Islam, spread of Christianity and multiple political nations. That is why the first thing they have targeted was the Holy Quran. While X-Prime minister William Evart Gladstone quoted 1882 ''Till the Quran exists, it is impossible for Europe to down the East''. Since then the new era of publication and translations of Quran took place, in which era the treatise and conversion made in various languages differently in different countries which will be discussed in this research article along with the discussion of orientalists who took part in the compositionor translation.  

Effect of Toxic Gases and Seasonal Variation in Plants Leaves and Stomata, a Case Study of Quetta City

Ambient status of Quetta city was estimated by recorded the contents of air pollutants viz. CO, NO2, SO2, SPM10μm and SPM2.5μm from its atmosphere. Statistical analysis using t-test indicated that all the seasonally investigated air pollutants were significant high at Quetta city (polluted sites) than control sites at the significant level of P<0.01. The concentration of all the pollutants start increasing slightly from spring to summer and reached to its maximum during autumn and lowest was found in the winter. Correlation Coefficient and Linear relationship indicated that all the air pollutants were highly, positively and significantly correlated with the number of vehicles movement. Air Quality Index of Quetta city revealed that the atmosphere of city is harmful for people of sensitive group and particularly the contents of particulate matters (SPM10μm and SPM2.5μm) are more than permissible level. Statistical analysis of all estimated heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Fe, Cu, Cd and Sb) exhibited that these were found slightly (P<0.05) to highly (P<0.01) significant high from the polluted sites plant species of Quetta city as compare to the control sites. Air pollution effects on biochemical and physiological attributes of plants leaves was determined by analysis of ascorbic acid content (AAC), total leaf chlorophyll content (TLC), leaf-extract pH and leaf relative water content (RWC). Statistical analysis indicated that all measured attributes in plant leaf showed slightly (P<0.05) to highly (P<0.01) significant variation between polluted and non-polluted sites. Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) of different plant species exhibited that the overall APTI was significant in polluted site plants than those of non-polluted sites. On the basis of APTI, out of 14 plant species only two species, Eucalyptus tereticornis L. and Pinus halepensis Miller. were found to be highly Tolerant (T), other five plants i.e. Fraxinus excelsior L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Punica granatum L., Prunus armeniaca L. and Elaeagnus angustifolia L. were moderately tolerant (MT) while other five species viz. Pistacia vera L., Rosa indica L., Melia azadirach L., Morus nigra L. and Ficus carica L. were Intermediately tolerant (IT), where as remaining two species Morus alba L. and Vitis vinifera L. were Sensitive (S). Effect of air pollution on morphological characteristics of leaves in different com of leaves in different com of leaves in different com of leaves in different com of leaves in different com of leaves in different com of leaves in different comof leaves in different comof leaves in different com of leaves in different com of leaves in different comof leaves in different com mon plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by plants species growing along the road side of Quetta city were calculated by measuring the measuring the measuring themeasuring themeasuring the foliage length, width, area and petiole length. All these investigated parameters showed showed significant reduction in the polluted sites plant species. The results also exhibited that there was significant variation in the growth of morphological attributes from season to season, specie to specie and site to site (polluted and non-polluted). The effect of air pollution on anatomical characteristics of leaf epidermis revealed that total average number of epidermal cells/mm2 and stomata/mm2 at adaxial and abaxial side shown non-significant variation among polluted and non-polluted sites throughout the year. However there was variation from specie to species and on adaxial & abaxial sides. The number of closed, abnormal/injured and open stomata/mm2, in different investigated plant species were slightly to highly significant (P<0.05 & 0.01) different between polluted and non-polluted sites. Further that highest number of closed and abnormal/injured stomata/mm2 was recorded during autumn from polluted site and maximum number of open stomatas was found during spring from non-polluted site plant species.