پروفیسر محمد حبیب
پروفیسر محمد حبیب ہندوستان کی قرون وسطیٰ کی تاریخ کے نامور مورخ تھے، اس کے ماہر جانے جاتے تھے، پوری عمر مسلم یونیورسٹی سے وابستہ رہے، اور شعبہ تاریخ کی صدارت سے ریٹائر ہوئے، وہ صحیح معنوں میں طالب علم تھے، ان کی پوری زندگی تعلیم و تدریس اور تالیف و تصنیف میں گذری، اس کا ان کو ایسا چسکا تھا کہ ریٹائر ہونے کے بعد بھی مسلم یونیورسٹی کے طلبہ کی علمی و تعلیمی رہنمائی کرتے رہتے تھے، انہوں نے اسلامی ہندکی تاریخ پر سیکڑوں مضامین لکھے، لیکن اس کے بعض پہلووں کے متعلق ان کے خیالات دوسرے مسلمان مورخین سے مختلف تھے، اور اس میں اعتدال و توازن نہ تھا، جس کا نمونہ ان کی کتاب محمود غزنوی اور ڈاکٹر اطہر عباس رضوی کی کتاب کا مقدمہ ہے جس میں انہوں نے مصنف کو البیرونی، بوعلی سینا، خواجہ نظام الدین اولیاء اور شیخ عبدالحق محدث دہلوی کا ہم پایہ بنادیا ہے، لیکن اس سے ان کے علمی کمال میں فرق نہیں آتا، وہ علمی سیاست کے آدمی نہیں تھے، لیکن خیالات کے لحاظ سے پکے نیشنلسٹ سمجھے جاتے تھے، ان کی موت سے ایک نامور مسلمان مورخ اٹھ گیا، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی لغرشوں سے درگذر کرے، اور ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، جولائی ۱۹۷۱ء)
Taking an ‘analogical’ approach to the issue, this study reads the saga of Atiya Fyzee’s relationship with Shibli Nomani and Allama Iqbal as a plausible allegory of the transforming cultural relationship of the Muslims of the subcontinent with English (in what this term comes to mean as a language, as a discipline of studies, and as a synecdoche of Western culture). The history of this cultural interaction since the British colonization I have divided into three broad phases: the initial, the middle, and the present. The initial phase I earlier dealt with by exploiting Sheikh Muhammad Ikram’s analogy, later employed by Nasir Abbas Nayyar, that Shibli’s attitude towards English was the same as his attitude towards his step-mother at home. English, in other words, was a stepmother for Shibli, and for the generations represented through his figure in this early phase of cultural interaction of the Muslims of the subcontinent with the language. The present paper focuses on how one can analogically read in the personal histories of the representative figures of this culture the stories of how in the subcontinent the larger cultural reception of English gradually changed from being treated as a ‘step-mother’(and hence forging with her a relationship of cultural exchange) to being treated as a ‘social butterfly’ or a ‘social sweetheart’, as a symbol of liberal humanist high culture, and how such terms of cultural engagement with English were unacceptable to both Shibli and Iqbal. The paper closes on how even this image of English as high culture gradually dissolved with the cultural disintegration wrought by an ever-increasing and relentless consumerist culture in the postcolonial times.
A variety of healthcare applications have been introduced so far. For the success of such applications their usability plays a significant role. The more the application is user friendly and easy to use the more percentage it will get to be adopted by the consumers. This work reviews and evaluates range of mental health applications in terms of their usability. There are some approaches that could prove to be best usability indicator for the mobile apps and can determine how well their functionalities work. Some of the major approaches to usability testing are user testing, surveying, A/B testing and expert based evaluation. The usability testing has explored the missing factors in usability of the mental health related mobile apps. At the start, all the data related to mobile health apps is collected according to which an excel sheet is prepared. The excel filecontain all the necessary information (name, language, date of release/latest update, availability on Android or iOS, availability as freeware or in-app purchase, cost, availability as lite-version, number of downloads/ installations, user rating, number of user ratings, availability of an interface/connectivityto (an) external sensor(s)/ devices and type of external sensor(s)/ devices) . The study has figured out the range of functions supported in each mental health apps that includes information about disease function, add/remove more than one patient diary, scheduling function, advisory function/ therapy support, treatment, diagnosis/symptoms, messaging, result tracking/ graph creation /visual representation and treatment adherence/rewards. After data collection usability testing is performed in a closed environment. A team of 6 members (3 male, 3 female) performed usability test on 10% of collected apps. In usability testing the major factors analyzed is comprehensibility, presentation (image and text), affordability, efficiency and error rate. The analysis is performed to observe effects of some factors (like range of functions, platform effectiveness, etc.) on usability of mobile apps and see if these factors affect app usability in a positive or negative manner. It is observed that the number of mental health apps available in Android is much more than those available in iOS. However, the user rating of iOS apps is higher than that of android. It is noticed much improvements can be made to increase the usability of mobile health apps. For instance, by providing help related functions, increases the understandability of various app?s features and hence can increase user interaction and app?s usage time. Similarly, if apps icons are meaningful they can grasp users? attention easily. The paper has discussed in detail the positive and negative features of mental health apps in both platforms.