الف۔ اشخاص:
سیالکوٹ کی مٹی بڑی زرخیز اور مردم خیز ہے۔سر زمینِ سیالکوٹ نے علم و ادب اور فنونِ لطیفہ کے میدانوں میں گراں قدر خدمات سر انجام دی ہیں۔سیالکوٹ کی علمی و ادبی اہمیت مسلمہ ہے۔ہر دور میں خواہ وہ ہندو راج ہو یا مغلیہ راج یا انگریز راج سیالکوٹ نے ہر دور میں علمی و ادبی مرکز کے حوالے سے اپنی شناخت قائم رکھی ہے۔یہاں سے بہت سی نامور روحانی اور علمی و ادبی شخصیات نے جنم لیاہے اور بعض نے یہاں کی روحانی اور علمی وا دبی شخصیات سے فیض حاصل کیا ہے۔
اطہر سلیمی کی تحقیق کے مطابق سیالکوٹ قبل مسیح بھی ایک عظیم تعلیمی مرکز تھا وہ اس حوالے سے رقم طراز ہیں:
۷۰۰ق م سے ۶۰۰ ق م تک یہ اتنا عظیم تعلیمی مرکز بن چکا تھا کہ بنارس کے شہزادے بھی حصول علم کے لیے یہاں آتے تھے۔(۵۹)
مغلیہ عہد حکومت میں سیالکوٹ برصغیر پاک و ہند کے علمی مراکز میں سے ایک اہم علمی مرکز تھا۔خاص طور پر ملاّ کمال کشمیری(م ۱۰۱۷ھ) اورا ن کے شاگر د ملا عبدالحکیم سیالکوٹی کے مکاتیب نے بڑی شہرت پائی۔جہاں ملک اور بیرون ملک کے دور دراز گوشوں سے طالبان علم کھنچے چلے آتے تھے ۔اس زمانے میں سیالکوٹ میں نامی گرامی علما کا اجتماع رہا کرتا تھا۔(۶۰)
اکبر کے زمانے میں حضرت شاہ حمزہ غوث بڑے متقی بزرگ اور پرہیز گار گزرے ہیں ۔اکبر بادشاہ بھی سیالکوٹ آتا آپ کی صحبت میں ضرور حاضر ہوتا اور آپ کے کارناموں کی وجہ سے آپ کے لیے بہت بڑی جاگیر مقرر کی تھی۔حمزہ غوث آپ ہی کی جاگیر پر آباد ہے اس محلہ میں آپ کا مزار اور چلہ گاہ موجود ہے۔
Pakistan is a Muslim country and got freedom from British Government, on August 14, 1947. It was separated from India on the basis of Islamic ideology. Though majority of population was Muslims but there was sufficient number (5%) of non Muslims, such as Hindus, Christians, Sikhs, Calashes’, Baha’is, Zikaria’s, and Parsis etc. The presence of non Muslims in Pakistan was a great challenge to safe guard their rights in the constitution of Pakistan to maintain the communal harmony in the country. This paper focuses on the provisions of non-Muslim rights in the constitution of Pakistan. It discusses the constitutional provision for the rights of non Muslims. Such as personal law, freedom to religion, safe guard against special taxes, non discrimination in respect of access to public places, discrimination in services, preservation of language script and culture, promotion of social justice and predication of social evils, right to vote, reservation of seats in National assembly and to run and manage their religious institutions. This paper also suggests some recommendations for the solution of contemporary non Muslim minorities, problems in Pakistan and also achievement of Ministry of non Muslim Minorities Affairs, 2008 to 2010 in Pakistan.
Higher female labor force participation (FLFP) is one of contributing factors in achieving economic growth, poverty reduction and women empowerment. Though FLFP has increased from 14 % in 2001-02 to 22 % in 2017-18 but still Pakistan is lagging behind in FLFP rate as compared to other developing countries in the world including those in the South Asian region. The present study has explored four important dimensions of labor market by looking into: a) the contributing factors of low FLFP in Pakistan b) the important factors associated with different employment statuses of women c) the high share of unpaid family workers in total employment of women and d) the issue of out of labor force educated women. For addressing, the first three objectives we have used latest micro data set of Labor Force Survey (LFS) of Pakistan 2017-18. For the out of labor force analysis of educated women we have used individual and household data set of Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) Survey 2013-14. We found very important insights from our empirical analysis of nature and causes of low FLFP in Pakistan. The empirical evidence for the contributing factors of FLFP indicates that women residing in urban areas are less likely to be the part of labor force activities. Higher secondary and above levels of education are positively associated with FLFP in Pakistan. Women who have never migrated, living in joint family systems, and those who have ever received technical or vocational trainings are also more likely to participate in labor force activities. In order to observe the quality of employment we have analyzed different factors associated with different employment statuses of women. According to the empirical analysis urban women are more likely to be engaged either as paid employees or employers as compared to their rural counterparts, whereas women who are residing in rural areas are more likely to be engaged in employment statuses such as own account workers or unpaid/contributing family workers. As the level of education increases then there is more probability for women to be engaged as paid employees or employers. Number of children at home (age 5 years or below) is seen to be negatively affecting a woman’s employment status as a paid employee, and as an unpaid/contributing family worker. The study also highlighted the issue of high share (52%) of unpaid/contributing family workers in total employment of women. According to our study the young girls (10 to 15 years) are more likely to work as unpaid/contributing family workers than the women of other age groups. At the same time the empirical evidence also suggests the presence of disguised unemployment in unpaid/contributing workers category. Besides that, women who are residing in urban areas and who have migrated from other provinces are less likely to work as unpaid/contributing family workers. The issue of out of labor force women is another important reason of low FLFP in Pakistan. According to the empirical evidence women who decide for themselves to opt for paid employment are more likely to the part of the labor force. The study provides important insights for policy makers to improve the FLFP profile of Pakistan.