Moral Reforms in a Community: Modus Operandi in the Light of Sīrah

It’s always the people who define the status of a society. If the people of a society are civilized, the society will be called an ideal society. Moral reforms and behavioural therapy of individuals of the society are basic factors to establish an ideal society. Such an ideal society was established by Prophet Muḥammad (P.B.U.H) in Madina where he laid the foundations of brotherhood and equality among citizens of that state. He showed tolerance towards people belonging to different religions by protecting all their human rights and by providing indiscriminate and quick justice. He not only made the social institutions strong but also developed a history of human civilization. We simply need to work on our moral values and behaviours. We should study the daily life of Muḥammad (P.B.U.H) and mould our lives according to that. Dire need of the modern world is the rectification of human behavior in the light of the ideal life of Muḥammad (P.B.U.H). It will give an opportunity to breathe the same spirit into the contemporary social attitudes so that our society may become peaceful.

Development of Serodiagnostic Test for Tuberculosis by Using Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Specific Antigens

The effective removal and control of tuberculosis (TB) disease can be achieved with early and accurate diagnosis. It accounts for a majority of deaths and loss of health status thus damaging the economy. The present diagnostics for TB are not very effective as their sensitivity and specificity are low. Therefore the tests with more diagnostic value need to be developed. Thus a study was planned to develop an indigenous technology by exploiting biotechnology tools, and a new emerging technique i.e. multiplex microbead immunoassay (MMIA). Six potential recombinant antigenic genes: ag85a, ag85b, ag85c, cfp-10, esat-6 and hspx of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) were selected for this purpose and respective genes were transformed into expression strain Bl21DE3pLysS for overexpression of proteins. Expression of each antigen was optimized for various conditions like concentration of isopropyl beta-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), time and temperature. Expression of protein was then confirmed by Western blotting. After confirmation, proteins were overexpressed in bulk cultures and purified by using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) by using Histidine-tag (His-tag). The purified proteins were quantified and used to coat on microbeads at different concentrations and were used for analysis of collected blood samples. The blood samples of TB patients and healthy controls were collected from Federal TB Centre, Rawalpindi, from the students of Pir Mehr Ali Shah - Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi (PMAS-AAUR), Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan and healthy controls from USA. The collected human blood samples were divided as tuberculin skin test negative (TST -ve) healthy controls, from Pakistan and USA (group 1), TST positive (group 2), reactivated TB patients xx(group 3) and time points of active TB patients who were diagnosed and were under treatment (group 4). The coated microbeads were then used to analyze the presence of antibodies against M. tuberculosis in the collected blood samples. The results of group 1, Pakistan and USA group (TST negative) showed in general the absence of antibodies against any of the six antigens used in the MMIA. In the group 2 (TST positive), low median fluorescence intensity (MFI) values were detected against all antigens. Further in group 3 (reactivated TB patients) highest MFI values were observed against all antigens whereas in group 4 (active TB patient time points) MFI values were higher than group 2 but lower than group 3. This shows MMIA is very specific in detection of TB. Therefore, based on this it may be concluded that these antigens can be used to develop MMIA. However, use of more antigens and standardization is required.