علی اکبر ناطق۔۔۔سوانح و تخلیقات
علی اکبر ناطق پاکستانی ناول نگار ،افسانہ نگار، شاعر اور نقاد ہیں۔عصری اردو ادب میں ’علی اکبر ناطق‘‘ ان شخصیات میں نمایاں مقام رکھتے ہیں جو پچھلی دہائی میں اردو ادب کے افق پر ابھر کر سامنے آئی ہیں۔ادب کی بہت ساری جہتوں میں مصنف مذکور نے اپنی قسمت آزمائی ہے اور وہ اس میں کامیاب دکھائی دیتے ہیں۔شاعری ،ناول نگاری،افسانہ نگاری اور تنقید مصنف کے اہم میدان ہیں شاعری میں ان کی پانچ کتابیں ہیں’’سبز بستیوں کے غزال ‘‘غزلیات کا مجموعہ جبکہ’’ بے یقین بستیوں میں‘‘،’’یاقوت کے ورق ‘‘،’’سر منڈل کا راجہ ‘‘،’’ریشم بننا کھیل نہیں‘‘ ان منظومات کے مجموعے ہیں۔حال ہی میں انہوں نے اپنے ادبی سفر میں ایک اور کتاب کا اضافہ کیا ہے جس کا نام’’سفیر لیلی‘‘ہے ،اس میں نظمیں اور غزلیں دونو ں شامل ہیں’’ریشم بننا کھیل نہیں‘‘ کتاب میں مصنف مذکور نے اپنی تینوں کتابوں (نظموں) کے مجموعے کو ایک ہی جلد میں شائع کروایا ہے جو سانجھ پبلی کیشنز سے 2019 ء میں شائع ہوئی۔تینوں مجموعوں کے دیباچے بھی اس کتاب میں ایک ساتھ شائع کیے گئے ہیں اس کے علاوہ دو افسانوی مجموعے اور ناول نگاری میں ناطق کے ناول’’نولکھی کوٹھی ‘‘اور ’’کماری والا‘‘ ادبی دنیا میں اپنا مقامپیدا کر چکے ہیں۔محمد حسین آزاد کا مرقع لکھنے کے ساتھ ساتھ تنقید پر بھی ایک کتاب ’’ہئیت شعر ‘‘شائع ہو چکی ہے ۔مصنف کی کچھ کتابیں ابھی غیر مطبوعہ ہیں۔ہر وہ مصنف جو ادب کی مختلف اصناف پر کام کر چکا ہو اور صفِ اول کا ادیب جانا جائے تو اس کی ادبی جہات کا مطالعہ اپنی جگہ نہایت اہمیت کا حامل ہے۔
Aim To explore the apparent lack of personal concern for the welfare of others in China? To develop concepts to understand this social phenomena in natural settings using ethnographic and participatory research. Research Question How can the knowledge derived from qualitative research be used to improve the welfare of the poor in Shanghai? Ethics The study was carried out within the guidelines of the declaration of Helsinki. The study was characterised by anonymity, beneficence, non maleficence, and the maintainence of the dignity of participants Method Collection of data. The principle data source was “observation” spot observation”(Baksh 1990)”, participant observation”(Hammersley and Atkinson 1983)vignettes(Finch 1987, Sani Bin Gabi 1990), oral history(narrative) Conclusion The study was conducted ethically. It was a worthwhile study attempted to deal with current problems. The publication of this paper can be used to stimulate further enquiry into the problem of those in need of social welfare in Shanghai and China, in the hope it will improve services where they are needed. Suggested solutions In a country where intergenerational family ties are so strong and “guanxi” exists it is paradoxical there is little empathy for others. Confuscian values, changed family beliefs, and education at school and university may assist in increasing empathy. Learnt conditioning, to ignore or dissociate, from another human being in need of help, can be slowly overcome by implementing universal and improved changes in societal living conditions. This can be achieved by improving social welfare programs, spearheaded by a compassionate government. There is a view that it is an egregious and transparent fiction, to promulgate and publically promote, the philosophies and policies of communism, yet allow these curable social ills to remain. ”Rex ipsa Loquiter”. The healthy should help the sick, the rich should help the poor and the employed should help the unemployed, Proportionately, in accordance with what they have they should give. The promotion of a “ forward thinking, humane, listening and open society, rather than a closed, narrow, opaque, inward looking “weltanschaung” would assist societal reform. We “bystanders”, we must all try to imagine we are in the place of those in need, and feel aas they do, in their situation. We must follow the advice of Mencius (372-289BC) and develop and use “empathy” As Mencius said, ”a developed human heart is the basis of a moral life”
IDENTIFICATION AND PRIORITIZATION OF COMPETENCIES POSSESSED BY FRUIT GARDEN OWNERS IN DISTRICT FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN Muhammad Saleem University of Agriculture Faisalabad february 2010 Major supervisor Dr. Tanvir Ali The purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize the competencies possessed by fruit garden owners in district Faisalabad, Pakistan. The target population consisted of all the (1993) Fruit Growing farmers of district Faisalabad. A stratified random sample of three hundred and seventeen fruit growing farmers was selected. The data were collected through personal interviews on a research instrument having five sections. A five point response likert scale was used to assess the levels of competencies possessed by fruit growers. The finding indicated that awareness regarding the sources of information of the respondents perceive that they possess various categories from very high ( =3.43) level regarding frequency of availability and high ( =3.57) level of correctness regarding university of Agriculture Faisalabad as a source of information but this source was available only to 4.4 percent of the respondents. The field Assistant were available to 87.00 percent of the respondents with low availability level ( =2.58) and low ( =2.13) level of correctness of information. While telephone had low ( = 1.37) level of availability and very low ( = 0.94) level of correctness was used by the respondents as a source of information.. Majority of the respondent (97.00) percent reported the major problem of proper training regarding fruit growing practices were not available to them with medium ( = 2.40) level of severity. The findings of the study indicated that fruit growers had possessed from low level to an average level of competence in most of the competencies, whereas all of the competencies were perceived as highly important for fruit production, protection and marketing. Themango growers had low ( = 2.7, 2.48, 2.5 and 2.13) level of knowledge, skill, attitude and adoption concerning mango growing practices, citrus growers had ( = 2.7, 2.49, 2.52 and 2.2) level, guava growers had low ( =2.72, 2.46, 2.59 and 2.15) level and date growers had low to medium ( = 2.78, 2.46, 2.63 and 2.24) level of knowledge, skill, attitude and adoption concerning fruit growing practices such as preparation of field, system layout for transplanting of nursery plants in the field up to harvesting and marketing of fruits. The fruit growers had low to medium level of knowledge, skill, attitude and adoption regarding fruit growing practices which indicate a need to train farmers regarding these practices. A greater (29.97, 26.49 and 17.35 percent) of the respondents reported that months of January, February and September are the appropriate time and majority (50.78 and37.22 percent) of the respondents reported that one week to two week time duration for the conduction of training courses and majority (54.89) percent) of the respondents reported that University of Agriculture Faisalabad is the ideal place for the training of fruit growers in the identified technical competencies. The Chi- square values for association between age groups, education level, tenancy status, size of land holding and knowledge level, skill, attitude, adoption level was highly significant which showed highly significant positive relationship between the age group, education level, tenancy status, size of land holding of respondents and knowledge, skill, attitude and adoption level of recommended practices concerning mango citrus, guava and date production, protection and marketing.