قدیم فرقے
باب ہفتم کے اہم نکات
- یہودی فرقوں کا تعارف و ابتدا۔
- یہودی فرقوں کے عقائد۔
- یہودی فرقوں کی کتب مقدسہ۔
- یہودی فرقوں کا تقابل۔
- یہودی فرقوں کا نظریہ اسرائیل۔
- یہودی اداروں کا تعارف۔
- عصر حاضر میں یہودیت کا ارتقا۔
یہودیت میں تاریخ کو بنیادی حیثیت حاصل ہے تاہم جس بے کسی کی زندگی یہودیوں کا مقدر رہی ہے اس سے ان کی تاریخ کا ہر گوشہ متاثر ہوا ہے۔ یہودی فرقوں کی تاریخ کو بھی اس ضمن میں استثنا حاصل نہیں ہے۔ نیز فرقوں کی تقسیم کے بیان کرنے میں بھی یہودی مؤرخین منفرد مزاج کے حامل ہیں، مثلاً پرانے وقتوں میں بارہ یہودی قبائلشمالی اور جنوبی ریاستوں میں بٹ گئے تھے۔ شمالی ریاست میں بتوں کی عبادت کو رواج دیا جانے لگا تھا۔ اول سلاطین میں اس حوالے سے آیا ہے:
۔۔۔ یُربعام نے سو نے کے دو بچھڑے بنوائے۔ بادشاہ یربعام نے لوگوں سے کہا، 'تمہیں یروشلم کو عبادت کے لئے نہیں جانا چاہیے اے اسرائیلیو! یہی سب دیوتا ہیں جو تمہیں مصر سے باہر لائے۔ بادشاہ یُر بعام نے ایک سونے کا بچھڑا بیت ایل میں رکھا۔ اس نے دوسرا سونے کا بچھڑا شہر دان میں رکھا لیکن یہ گناہ عظیم تھا۔ بنی اسرائیلیوں نے بیت ایل اور دان کے شہروں میں بچھڑوں کی پرستش کر نے کے لئے سفر کیے لیکن یہ بہت بڑا گناہ تھا۔[1]
شمالی ریاست نے نہ صرف ایک خدا پر یقین کے عقیدے کو بدل ڈالا اور دو بچھڑوں کو معبود بنا لیا۔ ان واقعات کو ایک نئے فرقے کی شروعات کے طور پر دیکھا جا سکتا ہے اس کے برعکس یہودی محققین نہ صرف ان عوامل کو بلکہ موسیؑ، داؤدؑ...
Fatwa is the easiest tool to explore the religious status of any newer problem faced by the public, though it is non-binding theory by its nature still people rely on that and get it from any renowned scholar to for the sake of awareness and to support their religious background. The ultimate result in fatwa depends on the methodology adopted in it. Alike methodologies of tashdeed and tasahul the precautionary methodology has also been practiced in the earlier stages of Islam when the issues were not much complicated but in the era we live in the newer are much complicated which need this methodology to be practiced. This study throws light on the concept of such methodology, on its reasons and principles. It concludes that the precautionary methodology of fatwa is based on shariah rules and its is admissible by its nature but when this methodology becomes the way to save a compulsory thing then it becomes compulsory and when adoption of this methodology becomes to strengthen a Haram action then adoption of this methodology becomes Haram.
This study examines the relative effect of capital structure theories and the determinants to establish best understanding of the most appropriate theory to explain debt vs. equity hypothesis and the behavior of firms. The theories provide theoretical basis to compare with empirical findings of quantitative analysis. This study covers the period from the period 2001 to 2010 of listed companies of Karachi Stock Exchange, Pakistan. It is obvious that determinants of capital structure affect the choice of debt vs. equity in emerging and transitional economies. A number of econometric models from OLS to EBA are being used to identify the empirical evidences for this perspective. The results reveal that seven variables: investment growth opportunity (IGO), agency cost (AC), liquidity (CR), financial flexibility (FF), free cash flows (FCF), tax effect (DP) and interest rate (IR) have robust - signaling relationship and highly sensitive to debt vs. equity. This study explains the financial signaling and asymmetry of information risk due to debt vs. equity decisions. For the whole sample period, the study found evidence of financial signaling and information asymmetries of risk due to Debt vs. Equity decisions. There is a significant effect of the systematic risk (β), should also report about the persistence of negative effect during the sample period. There is a significant effect of the interest rate (IR). The empirical results report about the persistence of interest rate (IR) negative effect during the sample period. It is observed and resulted that increase in debt vs. equity negatively associated with the value of the firm. This proved inverse relationship among debt vs. equity and firm value variables. This showed inconsistency of prior findings as Modigliani and Miller (1958) theory that the market value is irrelevant to financial policy. The results presented that corporate corporate governance (CG) has significant effect on firm performance (FP) under transaction cost economics theory and good management theory. It is obvious from the results that corporate governance (CG) has significant effect on the firm value. In addition, it is also shown that corporate governance (CG) does have mediating and moderating effect in between the corporate financial structure (CFS) and firm value. The negative relationship shows an agency problem. Therefore, the investors do not have the equal information of the particular firm as the manager holds. Furthermore, the financial signaling and asymmetries of information hypothesis reflected that choice of debt or equity must have influence the behavior of the investor due to information asymmetries, it is seen negative and increase threaten of bankruptcy and financial distress. It is found that product and asset specificity diversification have a significant relationship with capital structure for best alignment of cost with trade off signaling and asymmetric risk. However, Extreme Bound Analysis (EBA) an econometric technique is used to analyze the variables and investigates the significant empirical findings. The empirical findings of the study have implications for risk management appropriately to reflect the effect on financial decisions in emerging and transitional economies.