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Automation of Photoreflectance Spectroscopy

Thesis Info

Author

Noor Uk Ain, Qurat Ul Ain.

Supervisor

Arshad Saleem Bhatti

Department

Department of Physics

Program

BS

Institute

COMSATS University Islamabad

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2007

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Physics

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676720809521

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مو لانا محمد سلمان خاں بھوپالی ندوی

مولانا محمد سلمان خاں بھوپالی ندوی مرحوم
ندوۃ العلما کے ایک اور لایق فرزند اور مولانا محمد عمران خاں بھوپالی ندوی مرحوم کے برادر خورد جناب مولانا محمد سلمان خاں ندوی مرحوم کی وفات حسرت آیات کی خبر بہت تاخیر سے ان کے صاحبزادے مولوی حافظ کلیم خاں ندوی کے ایک خط سے ملی، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ وہ دارالعلوم تاج المساجد کے سابق مہتمم تھے، لیکن ان کا سب سے روشن کارنامہ تاج المساجد کی تعمیر نو ہے۔ مولانا محمد عمران خاں ندوی مرحوم نے جس شاہانہ اولوالعزمی سے اس عظیم الشان مسجد کی تعمیر و تکمیل کا خاکہ بنایا تھا اس کو مولانا سلمان خاں صاحب نے حقیقتاً رنگ و روغن عطا کیا، جن لوگوں نے مسجد کی تعمیر و تکمیل میں ان کی شبانہ روز کی محنت، جانفشانی اور لگن دیکھی ہے وہ جانتے ہیں کہ اس تعمیر میں ان کا لہو تک شامل ہوگیا ایک عالم کی اس معمارانہ اور مہند سانہ مہارت پر بڑے بڑے انجینئر اور آرکی ٹیکٹ بھی حیران رہ گئے، طبعاً وہ نہایت شریف، متین، کم سخن اور مہمان نواز انسان تھے، اپنے تمام بیٹوں کو انھوں نے حفظ قرآن مجید کی دولت سے بہرہ یاب کیا اور سب کوند وہ ہیں تعلیم دلائی، وہ خود بڑے دیندار تھے متعدد بار حج بیت اﷲ کی سعادت حاصل کی۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی نیکیوں اور دینی خدمات کو قبول کرے اور جنت نعیم میں جگہ عطا فرمائے، آمین۔ ( عمیر الصدیق دریابادی ندوی ، اگست ۱۹۹۱ء)

 

ENHANCING REHABILITATION PRACTICES THROUGH ROBUST REGULATION AND INTERDISCIPLINARY COLLABORATION IN PAKISTAN

Rehabilitation forms an important tire in well operating health care systems. Within the areas as mentioned on the World Health Organisation factsheet about rehabilitation the therapeutic professions such as physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech and language therapists, prosthetists and orthotists and clinical psychologists play an important role. They do not only treat people’s conditions such as diseases, disorders, injuries or trauma, they furthermore promote good health and help to prevent diseases. This can significantly lead to better overall wellbeing of the population. To gain the best client outcome and support the health care system in an effective way, regulation is as important as interprofessional collaboration. Thus there is an intense need to highlight these two main aspects to ensure quality rehabilitation provided by therapeutic professionals.

The Potential of Selected Flavonoids Against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

As a result of developing resistance the antibiotics became ineffective and the microbes including bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi became able to counterattack against antibiotics. The basic cause of antibiotic or antimicrobial resistance is because of too much use of antibiotics. The impending post antibiotic period is becoming a threat for the both current and forthcoming advances in medical science. Both the rise in the bacterial resistant strains and insufficient availability of novel antibiotics are the major causes of antibiotic resistance. As a result of which the chances for the treatment of various infections have decreased significantly which have given birth to various complications for the patients. Among the resistant microbes, MRSA is currently a very hot issue globally for the last sixty years. This has been responsible for nosocomial infections and has been known to cause threats to life. The resistance against penicillins belongs to β- lactams antibiotics, started soon after a few years of its discovery. Because of rising issue of MRSA, a study was designed to determine the effect of flavonoids on antibiotics which have developed resistance against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The flavonoids selected for this research were Rutin (R), Morin (M), Qurecetin (Q) and Luteolin (L). The antibiotics included were AMP, AMO, CEF, CET, VAN, ME, CEPH, ERY, IMP, CIP, LEV and SULP-TRI. In this study about 100 MRSA clinical isolates and MRSA ATCC No. 43300 were used. The flavonoids were used alone, in combinations and along with the selected antibiotics. The concentrations of flavonoids and in combination with antibiotics effective against clinical isolates and standard strain were determined through the antibiotic sensitivity assays. The flavonoids, found effective individually against the clinical isolates and standard strain were Q and L. The combination of flavonoids used which have more pronounced effects than the individual ones were Q+L, R+M and Q+M+R. These flavonoids were then used in combination with all the selected antibiotics. The results revealed the qurecetin and luteolin used alone and in combination along with antibiotics have been found to increase the efficacy of AMP, CET, CEPH, ME and IMP against clinical isolates and the standard strain. All these antibiotics alone were having no effect against MRSA isolates except IMP.M+R used in combination with amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, cephradine, methicillin and imipenem, have positive effect on the antibacterial activity of test antibiotics, however, querecetin-morin-rutin combination was found to have more enhancing effects on the test antibiotics (AMP, AMO, xiv CET, CEPH, ME and IMP) activity against the standard and MRSA clinical isolates than the rutin-morin combination. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC’s) of flavonoids were determined. Then in combination with antibiotics, MIC’s of flavonoids were determined as well. A reduction was observed in the MIC’s of flavonoids when combined with test antibiotics. Similarly MIC’s of antibiotics alone and in combination with flavonoids were also determined. A profound decrease was demonstrated in the minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics. The MIC’s reduction of antibiotics and flavonoids in combination with each other proves that both of them were increasing each other activity against the bacteria under study. Fractional inhibitory indices (FICI) were measured to find out whether there was synergism or additive relationship between the antibiotics and flavonoids. The results revealed that in all the cases additive relationship existed between the antibiotics and flavonoids except Q+M+R+CEPH, Q+M+R+CET, Q+M+R+IMP, Q+M+R+MET, Q+L+CET and Q+L+IMP where synergism was observed. Then the interaction mechanism between the flavonoids and antibiotics was also determined by measuring the K+ loss caused by flavonoids, antibiotics and in combination with each other. After that mutagenic effect of flavonoids alone and in combination with antibiotics on MRSA was also detected by PCR and sequencing. No mutations were observed. The resistant antibiotics become active against MRSA when combined with flavonoids. This was proved by determining the MIC’s of flavonoids alone and in combination with antibiotics. This revealed significant reduction in the MIC’s. Similarly, the MIC’s of antibiotics alone and in combination with flavonoids was also determined showing a profound reduction in the MIC’s of antibiotics. This proved that both the flavonoids and antibiotics were increasing each other’s activity. The FICI indicated an additive relationship between them. While the potassium loss measurement was the indicative of cell wall damage, which was greatest when flavonoids and antibiotics were used together.