پختون معاشرے کے مروجہ نجی فیصلوں میں تعزیر بالمال کی عملی صورتوں کا شرعی جائزہ

Pakht┴n society has its own justice system which has different types of penalties and remedies to maintain the justice in the society. This study concentrates to investigate the nature of pecuniary punishment’s practice in distressing issues like killing, civil injuries and criminal offences. Perpetrators are punished to resolve the disputes. On one hand, this paper aims to find out answer to the methods of inflicting decisions in Pakht┴n’s cult and on other hand, to shed light on the legal status of arbitration regarding resolving such issues in the light of Qur’an and Sunnah. Study results illustrate that in some cases the offenders are charged in term of money to facilitate the victims, while in other cases both of the parties, perpetrators and victims, are called upon on meal for reconciliation of their dispute. Besides this, sometimes it is observed that the offenders are not only awarded pecuniary punishment but they are exiled as well.

Integrated Use of Rhizobacteria Containing Acc- Deaminase Activity, Mineral Fertilizers and Compost to Improve Growth and Yield of Oil Seed Crops

Favorable alliance between rhizosphere bacteria and crop plants induced marked improvement in the plant growth. These beneficial microbes had directly and indirectly shaped plant growth through variety of growth promoting traits. Besides other characteristics, some rhizobacteria have distinguished ability to possess an enzyme 1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD), an immediate precursor of ethylene. Bacterial ACC-deaminase activity modulates endogenous production of ethylene in the rhizosphere thus endorse plant growth promotion. Hence, Use of beneficial bacterial inoculation was assessed through compost and varying level of mineral fertilization in order to improve growth, yield and quality attributes of oil seed crops under study. Organic amendment like compost not only provides an ideal tool for integrated nutrient management with PGPR but also represents a perfect substrate for microbial growth of diverse nature. Integrated effect of rhizobacterial inoculation with organic and inorganic amendments on sunflower and soybean was examined in a variety of experiments. Minimal salt medium with ACC as an ace source of nitrogen had been employed to isolate beneficial bacteria from rhizosphere of both oil seed crops. For authentification, these isolates were further monitored for their diverse plant growth promoting abilities under gnotobiotic conditions. Selected rhizobacterial isolates were further screened under pot experiment in addition to evaluate general growth pattern under pot experiments. Finally, based on performance under pot conditions rhizobacteria were chosen for field trials in two seasons (spring and winter) grown sunflower and soybean respectively. Characterization of selected rhizobacterial isolates was also carried out for several plant growth enhancing attributes. It had been viewed that ACC- deaminase based bacterial biotechnology improved growth, yield and qualitative features of sunflower and soybean through integrated management approach rather than sole inoculation and mineral fertilization