103. Al-Asr/The Time
I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
103:01
a. By the Passage of Time.
103:02
a. Indeed, human being is in a constant danger of great
loss -
103:03
a. except for those who:
- believe, and
- practice righteousness, and
- motivate one another to the truth, and
- urge one another to steadfastness during the trials that befall.
Bukhari was an exemplary teacher. His teaching experiments, advices, and valuable analysis are beneficent even today. As he is famous for being expert in Ahaadeth (Muhadis), he is being ignored in the field of education. His thoughts, described in Kitabul Ilm of Sahi Bukhari can be used to reform an education system. According to his advices, a teacher should be vocal, should understand and consider psychology of students. He should make groups of students on the basis of their intelligence, and should assign assignments to students to make them more confident. About questions asked by students during teaching, Imam says this is not beneficial. Teachers also should not be upset with proper questions asked by students. No one can become expert with his own study without consultation with an expert of the field. Reading without the guidance of a teacher may be unhealthy. Imam stressed even beginner students to do hard work and travel for research, and academic work. To get knowledge and access to reliable teachers admission in an institution and fulfilling of all the requirements are necessary. Imam Also considered women education necessary. According to him women can get benefits only when their system is separate from men. Kitabul Ilm of Bukhari consists of advices for education system reforms. These advices can be used to reform the present education system. Purpose of this article is to analyze Imam Bukhari’s thoughts about education for understanding good and bad things in education.
In Pakistan, currently 38 species of the genus Artemisia (Asteraceae) have been identified so far. These Artemisia species were found in different phytogeographical regions including the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. In this doctoral thesis, emphasis have been given to the ethnobotany, floral morphology, foliar epidermal anatomy (Epidermal cells/stomata types and diversity in trichomes), pollen morphology, phytogeography and molecular phylogeny of Artemisia species from Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan.This study explored some rare species of the genus Artemisia and their folk medicinal uses from Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. The areas with deprived documentation of traditional information were covered and the native traditional medicinal awareness of the Artemisia species was acknowledged. For the first time in this investigation, 15 Artemisia species were explored and presented in the form of plates. These ethnobotanicaly important species were, Artemisia absinthium L., Artemisia annua L., Artemisia austriaca Jacq., Artemisia biennis Willd., Artemisia campestris L., Artemisia chamaemelifolia Vill., Artemisia herba-alba Asso., Artemisia indica Willd., Artemisia maritima L. Ex Hook. F., Artemisia rutifolia sub sp., Artemisia rutifolia var., Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit., Artemisia sieversiana Ehrhl. Ex Willd., Artemisia verlotiorum Lamotte., and Artemisia vulgaris L. The native people of different regions of Gilgi-Baltistan uses different parts of these Artemisia species as food, ornaments, fuel and for medicinal purposes and were employed against more than 30 different kinds of ailments. The morphology of this genus is very complex and difficult to address. This is because the same species shows different forms under certain ecological conditions. Therefore, it was a dire need to revise the morphology of Artemisia species from Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. In this study, 66 morphological characters of 20 Artemisia species were nominated for the cladistics analysis of genus Artemisia. The consequential cladogram divided genus Artemisia into five major clades. Subgenus Artemisia and subgenus Absinthium were dispersed between the clades of other sections and appeared as a polyphyletic. All the remaining sections were found to be monophyletic. Subgenus Seriphidium was grouped with Artemisia clade which authenticates its recombination with the genus Artemisia. The micro-morphological attributes of foliar epidermal cells of 19 Artemisia species and stomata types of 17 Artemisia species using SEM and LM were evaluated. Primary