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Multifunctional Uv& Ir Sensing by Nd: Tio2 Thin Films

Thesis Info

Author

Muhammad Mussayyab Alam

Supervisor

Awais Ali

Department

Department of Physics

Program

BPH

Institute

COMSATS University Islamabad

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Physics

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676720876903

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حاصل تحقیق

حاصل تحقیق

زبان اللہ تعالیٰ کی عطا کردہ نعمتوں میں سب سے بڑی اور عظیم نعمت ہے۔ اس پر سنجیدگی سے غورکرنے کا سلسلہ روزِ اول سے ہی جاری ہے۔ قبل مسیح کےمفکروں اور دانش وروں نے بھی اس پر بہت غور وخوض کیا اور اس کے متعلق مختلف نظریات قائم کیے، اس سلسلے میں مختلف کتب موجود ہیں جو زبان کے متعلق قبل مسیح کے نظریات سے بھری پڑی ہیں۔

اس کے بعد آنے والے مختلف مفکرین نے اس پر تحقیقی کام جاری رکھا۔ اور زبان کے متعلق اپنے نظریات پیش کرتے رہے۔ ان نظریات سے مختلف ماہرین لسانیات نے لسانیات کےمختلف شعبے تخلیق کیے اور ہر شعبے میں خاطر خواہ کام کیا۔

انیسویں صدی میں لسانیات پر باقاعدہ تحقیقی ادارے بننے شروع ہوئے،مغرب نے اس سلسلے میں بہت کام کیا، لیکن یہ بات عیاں ہے کہ بیسویں صدی میں ادب پر جتنا کام ہوا وہ گزشتہ ایک صدی تک نہ ہو سکا، بلاشبہ اس صدی کو ادب کی صدی کہا جاتا ہے اس میں باقی شعبوں کے ساتھ ساتھ لسانیات جیسے اہم مضمون پر بھی بہت زیادہ خامہ فرسائی کی گئی۔

زبان میں لسانیات کے موضوع کے حوالے سے اگر دیکھا جائے تو یہ مختلف عناوین اور اس کےمسائل ومباحث کو سمیٹے ہوئےہے۔ جہاں اس کا تعلق نطق انسانی سے ہے وہاں زبان کے قواعد اور لغتیات پر بھی بحث کرتی ہے۔ اگر لسانیات کی صرف نطق انسانی کے حوالے سے بات کی جائے تو یہ بات عیاں ہے کہ لسانیات کا کسی مخصوص گروہِ انسانی سے تعلق نہیں بلکہ یہ دنیا کی تمام زبانوں کے مسائل کو زیر بحث لاتی ہے۔ مختلف ماہرین لسانیات نے اس کی تعریف مختلف حوالوں سے کی ہے۔ ان میں چند ایک درج ذیل ہیں: 

’’زبان کا سائنسی مطالعہ لسانیات کہلاتا ہے۔

ذكرى إقبال في البلاد العربية

Allama Muhammad Iqbal became popular after the translations of his work into Arabic. Scholars, thinkers, writers, and politicians of Arabia were very much influenced by his literary works. A number of books were written on him. Other scholars and Muslim thinkers study his works with keen interest even in the modern times. The universities and other institutions in the Arabian countries have concentrated and contributed in the establishment of academic studies on various aspects of his life, literary works and different translations. This article intended to briefly cover Seminars and celebrations commemorating Iqbal in the Arab countries.

Immunophenotypic Profile of Acute Leukemias at Agakhan University Hospital, Nairobi

Background: Reliable distinction between AML and ALL is important for the selection of appropriate therapy. The final diagnosis of acute leukemia should be based on clinico-pathological, morphological, cytochemical and molecular cytogenetics data, together with immunophenotypic information. Flow cytometry has become the preferred method for the lineage assignment and maturational analysis of malignant cells in acute leukemias. Immunophenotyping has also allowed the detection of aberrant antigen co expression and the analysis of heterogeneity and clonality of malignant cells in acute leukemias. It is insufficient to merely make a diagnosis of acute leukemia, or even AML or ALL. Further classification is essential in order to determine the prognosis and select the most appropriate treatment. Furthermore, immunophenotypic characteristics of acute leukemias have not been described in Kenya yet and the existing immunophenotypic patterns of the disease in Nairobi are not known. Objective: The main objective was to determine the relative frequencies of Acute Leukemia immunophenotypes using commonly expressed markers and to describe clinicopathological characteristics. Setting: The study was carried out at Aga Khan University Hospital Laboratory between March 2009 and March 2010. Patients and methods: One hundred and thirty two consecutive blood and bone marrow specimens were analyzed for cytomorphological characteristics and immunophenotypic markers. The clinical-pathological characteristics were also recorded for each patient with acute leukemia. The immunological category was assigned using the EGIL criteria. The end point was the immunophenotypic profiles and the association of each immunophenotype with the clinical and pathological features. Immunophenotyping was done by Flow cytometry. Results: There were 132 patients in total in whom immunophenotyping was done. These comprised of 67(50.8%) males and 65(49.2%) females with M: F ratio of 1.03:1. The age ranged from 2 years to 87 years with a median age of 29.5 years. There were 88 cases of AML and 42 cases of ALL. Only 2 cases of biphenotypic leukemia were studied. AML was found to occur more in adults with a total of 76 (86.4%) cases in patients above 15 years of age and only 12 (13.6%) cases in those below 15 years of age. The commonest AML immunophenotype in all patients was AML-M2 accounting for 26 (29.5%) cases with 19 (21.5%) cases seen in adults and 7(7.95%) in children. The peak adult age range for AML patients was 41-50 years. The proportion of AML-M4 in this study was 19.3%. Majority of ALL cases were B-ALL phenotype at 29 (96.6%) with the dominance