فرخندہ رضوی کی شاعری میں سماجی پہلو
فکر اور تخیل تخلیق کی بنیاد مانے جاتے ہیں۔ درحقیقت تخلیق کی عمارت جس بنیاد پر تعمیر کی جاتی ہے۔اسے فکر اور سوچ کا نام دیا جاتا ہے۔ عمارت کی بنیاد جس قدر مضبوط اور پختہ ہوگی ، یقینا عمارت بھی اتنی ہی مضبوط ہو گی اور دیرپا قائم رہے گی۔یہی حیثیت کسی بھی فن پارے میں فکر کو حاصل ہے۔ معیاری سوچ کی گہرائی اور وسعت دونوں مل کر ہی فن پارے کو شاہکار بناتے ہیں۔ تخلیقی عمل تو بہت بعد میں آتا ہے۔ پہلے ایک فکری سوچ انسانی دماغ میں پیدا ہوتی ہے اور ہر تخلیق کار اپنے الفاظ کے ذخیرہ کو بروئے کار لاتے ہوئے اظہار کے پیرائے میں سجاتا ہے۔ چنانچہ یہ بات روز اول کی طرح روشن ہے کہ کسی بھی فن پارے کا آغاز فکر، سوچ اور خیال سے ہوتا ہے۔
شاعری انسانی جذبات و احساسات اور تصورات کون سی شکل دینے کا نام ہے۔ یہ ایک ایسی ساحرہ ہے جو ماضی، حال اور مستقبل کو بھی ایک جگہ یکجا کر سکتی ہے۔ شاعری کی کئی صورتیں ہیں کبھی یہ خود سپردگی کا جذبہ ہے تو کبھی یہ باغیانہ رویہ ہے۔ کبھی یہ گھٹی ہوئی چیخ ہے تو کبھی انا الحق کا نعرہ ہے۔ کبھی یہ عشق و محبت کا پرچار ہے تو کبھی مقصد زندگی کا اظہار ہے۔ کسی بھی شاعر کی زندگی اس کی شاعری پر کسی نہ کسی حوالے سے اثرات ضرور مرتب کرتی ہے۔شاعر اردگرد کے ماحول سے جو کچھ حاصل کرتا ہے یا اردگرد کا ماحول اسے جن سوچوں سے نوازتا ہے۔ وہی سوچیں شاعری کی بنیاد بنتی ہیں۔ شاعر کے خیال اور اس کی سوچ پر معاشرہ، رہن سہن، گریلو حالات اور کسی بھی طرح کے محرومی اثرات ضرور مرتب کرتی ہے۔ محقق شاعر کی زندگی کے مختلف...
Status and role of woman has been discussed in almost every religion. A considerable portion of the Scriptures of Sematic religions also addressed issues regarding woman in one way or another. In the light of the teachings of the Bible Woman is a sign of sin, cleverness, social injustice and violence. On the other hand Islam gave woman more recognition and freedom of choice regarding marriage, , education, inheritance, etc. Islam believes in the equality of male and female and as a result in Islamic society woman has been enjoying a better status and position. In this article a comparison of the role and status of a woman has been discussed in the light of Bible and Islam.
Working capital management plays a vital role for business growth and progress. The objective of present study is to analyze the risk adjusted determinants of working capital management (RADWCM) across selected South Asian Association of Regional Co-operation (SAARC) countries. This study further investigates the working capital management practices in manufacturing firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange. Furthermore, this study investigates the applications the RADWCM in different sectors of selected SAARC countries. The study used 17 years from 2000-2016 for manufacturing firms listed at Pakistan Stock Exchange (Pakistan), Bombay Stock Exchange (India), Colombo Stock Exchange (Sri-Lanka) and Dhaka Stock Exchange (Bangladesh). Data was extracted from DataStream of 141 firms belonging to six manufacturing sectors of Pakistan, 109 firms belonging to four manufacturing sectors of Sri-Lanka, 261 firms belonging to eight manufacturing sectors of India, 32 firms belonging to three manufacturing sectors of Bangladesh and total sample cover the 543 manufacturing firms on the basis of 75% market capitalization. Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approach is used to analyze the results. This technique deals with the problem of heterogeneity. The RADWCM analysis is found divergence among countries and sectors over the study period. Present study found that market risk and operational risk of the firm are key part of risk adjusted determinants of working capital management in selected SAARC countries. It is found that current ratio is a basic ingredient of risk adjusted determinants of working capital management across selected SAARC countries. The study found that size, leverage, operating cash flow, sales growth, profitability, and gross working turnover ratio have strong relationships with determinants of working capital management in selected SAARC countries. The researcher concluded that the economic condition of the country has significant relationship with working capital management. To analyze the working capital practices across manufacturing sector of Pakistan through a questionnaire by using the leopard courier service, personal references and direct contact to relevant employees across the manufacturing sector of Pakistan. In this regard, it is found that most firms use informal working capital policy with firms making their budget ad-hoc basis. In this context, mostly firm’s owners have a conservative attitude towards managing working capital and they focus on keeping cash in a locker or happy to keep it in a financial institution. Most of the respondents reply that firms are not considering the loss the opportunity cost of working capital and they are not comfortable to invest the excess cash in market or expansion their own business. Respondents indicate that an inventory management system is better as compared to account receivable and payable management. Firms are not using any statistical tool or technique to manage their receivable management and payable management. Present study suggests that finance manager, accounts manager, inventory manager, and owner of the firms should consider the highlighted RADWCM while making working capital management decisions. The researcher recommends that to overcome the obstacle of working capital management, the managers and other relevant authorities should keep these factors in mind to maintain efficient working capital management. In this regard, firms can make an optimal level of working capital and enhance their value.