Legitimacy of Imprisonment as a Punishment in Sharīa

Throughout known human history, incarceration has been a prevailing practice. Regardless of the nature of the crime, imprisonment is now a widespread phenomenon globally. In Pakistan, as in many other states, detention is employed for a wide range of offenses, including instances where Islamic capital punishments are substituted with imprisonment. The adverse impacts of imprisonment are not limited to the individual offender; rather, they extend to the well-being of the offender's family and the broader society. Furthermore, the efficacy of imprisonment is questioned concerning its purported benefits in terms of reformation, retribution, and deterrence, with an examination revealing potential limitations in achieving these objectives. Considering the aforementioned issues, it is important to explore whether it is according to Islamic law or not? After analyzing all causes and aspects of detention given in the Prophetic time and Rashidun caliphate, it is concluded that in those times, imprisonment was just practiced till the decision taken for the criminal and then, one might set free or granted any hadd or ta‘zīr punishment. Subsequently, the individual could either be released or subjected to specific hadd or ta‘zīr punishments. In Shari'ah, permissible punishments include confining the offender to their residence or banishing them from the locality, with the provision for the latter to be accompanied by their family. Crucially, the absence of a concept of prolonged imprisonment within Sharīa’s code of crimes and penalties underscores the contention that imprisonment is perceived not merely as a punitive measure but as a severe crime against humanity.  This raises questions about the effectiveness of Pakistan's criminal justice system, suggesting that a more tailored and nuanced approach, considering individual circumstances, may be more operative. Keywords: Juristic Approach to Imprisonment, Imprisonment in Islam, detention in Islamic law, incarceration.

Churn Prediction in Banking System Using K-Means, Lof and Cblof

Customer churn prediction helps in identifying those customers who are probable to stop a subscription, product or service, and is therefore very essential for any business. Churn prediction can be very valuable for customer retention, as it helps in predicting customers that are at risk of leaving. It is more challenging to put forth churn prediction in banking sector, as there is no contractual agreement between a customer and the bank regarding the duration of services. Loss of customers can be very costly as it is very expensive to obtain new customers in this age of competition. There are many churn prediction techniques however; K-Means, Local Outlier Factors (LOF) and Cluster-Based Local Outlier Factors (CBLOF) have not been used so far for this purpose. In this research, I have applied these techniques for customer churn prediction. The results are evaluated and analyzed using Precision (Pr), Recall (Re) and F1 measure to justify the efficiency and effectiveness of this research.