المبحث الثاني: صدِ برگ
(صدِ برگ) ھذہ المجموعۃ الشعریۃ الثانیۃ لبروین شاکر والتي جاء ت إلی الساحۃ الأدبیۃ في (1980م )بعد انقطاع مدۃ ثلاث سنوات، ولکن الشعراء والأدباء لم یعطوا لھذہ المجموعۃ منزلۃ عالیۃ کالخوشبو، إنما اعتبروھا أقل خیال وأدنی مرتبۃ من خوشبو وبعض الناقدین قاموا بنقدھا. تقول بروین عن مجموعتھا ھذہ:
’’لقد تغیر المنظر عندما ألفتُ صد برگ۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔ منظر حیاتی وحیاۃ ھذہ الأرض التي کان وجودي بوجودھا۔۔۔۔‘‘[1]. وفعلاً ھذہ المجموعۃ الشعریۃ قیمتھا أقل من المجموعۃ الشعریۃ السابقۃ (خوشبو) ولکن بعض الأدباء شجعوھا ورفعوا من معنویاتھا وقالوا عن صدِ برگ أنھا تطور وإبداع اکثر في أفکار الشاعرۃ ویتضح فیھا جمال کلماتھا الھادئة۔ وتقول قرۃ العین طاھرۃ ’’أن في خوشبو سُمع صوت الفتاۃ أکثر من صوت المرأۃ، ولکن في صدِ برگ حصلت الموازنۃ بین المجموعتین وقد أکتمل الناقص، ولم يکن في ھذہ المجموعۃ التعبیر عن الأحلام فقط، إنما کانت صورۃ صادقۃ عن الحیاۃ‘‘[2]۔
یتضح من ذلک أن عمل بروین تطور نحو الأحسن والأفضل تدریجیاً، وأن مجموعۃ (صدِ برگ) تعطي صورۃ واضحۃ عن شخصیۃ الشاعرۃ، وأختارت کلمات بلیغۃ وتراکیب شاملۃ عن الحیاۃ وفلسفۃ المصاعب والمشاکل الیومیۃ۔ وتقول الدکتورۃ سلطانۃ بخش أن بروین شاکر ’’ظھرت فی مجموعتھا صدِ برگ علی شکل شاعرۃ ولا حول لھا ولا قوۃ ونسقت احساساتھا من دنیا الأحلام إلی الدنیا الحقیقیۃ وإلی مشاعر الوجدان مع ربط ھذہ الإحساسات بالقلب، وتنظر الحیاۃ علی حقیقتھا بأعین واعیۃ، وتخرج من عالم الکوابیس والأحلام إلی دنیا الواقع الحقیقي‘‘[3]۔
یتضح من ذلك أن عملھا ھذا کان صورۃ واضحۃ عن رُقیھا وتقدمھا من الناحیۃ الأدبیۃ وأعطت صورۃ شاملۃ عن نظرۃ الحیاۃ وأصولھا وأھم قوانینھا۔
e Qasama Doctrine of Islamic Criminal Law
The mashroom-growth like blind murder cases, have, now a days confused
and perplexed the law-enforcing agencies the reason is that such
murder-cases are taken in hand and tried to be dealt with the common criminal
procedures The criminal in such a case leaving no clue thereto succeed in
detracting the police. As a result the FIR is lodged against an anonymous
'accused' afterwards and the case is filed because of the non-availability of
required proof. Contrary to the above Islam introduces the procedure cf
Qasama _ which literally means administring an oath which in juristic
terminology applied to a way and process where some persons are held
responsible in a blind murder for an oath in words, that; By Allah! Neither they
have committed the murder nor they noticed the culprit. In case of refusal they
are adjudicated for Qisasand for the payent of Diyat in vice versa.
Historically Qasama procedure is traced back to pre-lslamic tribal-law
which were then, afterwards modified and re-enforced by the Prophet (SAW)
and his Khulafa. With the exception of some minor juristic controversies
regarding the structure and framework of Qasama procedure multitude of
muslim jurists hold it a valid way for the adjudication of a blind-murder. It is
with all regrets that-lslamic Ideological council ( HC) despite its introduction .
The idea of starting this research project was to elucidate the development procedure of a novel biocompatible nano composite that is directly linked to the properties of natural bone in terms of its composition, morphology, mechanical properties and biocompatibility. These nanocomposites are composed of hydroxyapatite (HA) and whitlockite (WH) nanoparticles embedded in polymeric matrix and hydrogels.The fabrication procedures used are of common use including pre-treatment of nanoparticles and embedding into biopolymers such as Cyclic olefenic copolymer and CollagenPEGDMA hybrid matrix where effect of different loading ratios of HA nanoparticles and WH nanoparticles was investigated.Nano powders of HA were chemically synthesized under various processing conditions using surfactants with different charges and chain lengths such as CTAB (cationic) and SDS (anionic) surfactants were used in the synthesis procedures for regulating the nucleation and growth of the hydroxyapatite phase. The synthesis methods, mainly based on aqueous systems were used which are simple and can offer accurate control on the nano powders of various size and morphologies. The effect of different weight ratios ofHA nanoparticles and WH was evaluated after successful fabrication of nanocomposites by dispersing these nanoparticles in polymeric matrices. TOPAS/HA, TOPAS/WH and Collagen-PEGDMA/HA nanocomposites were successfully prepared and further characterized. Solution casting procedure was used to construct these nano composites. Effect of various weight ratios was investigated on physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the nano composites. These nano composites were characterized through Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Compression testing, Biocompatibility testing including cell culture of bone/cartilage cell lines, antibacterial test, biodegradability, and swelling characteristics. The morphology of nanocomposites has been investigated using Scanning electron microscopy and Atomic force microscopy. Compression testingwas performed on all type of nanocomposites to evaluate and optimize the mechanical strength. Cell culture wasperformedto evaluate thebiocompatibility ofthese nanocomposites onbone cell lines in case of TOPAS/HA and TOPAS/WH while cartilage cell lines were used in the case of COl-PGD/HA nanocomposites. Swelling and degradation characteristics were also evaluated. It was revealed from this study thet the compressive strengths of nano compositescan be enhancedwith the addition of nanoparticlesand optimized to make values comparable with the compressive strength of natural bone and cartilage tissues. In case of TOPAS/HA the increased values are185 % from 0.26 to 0.74 MPa at the concentration of 10 wt%.Whearas in case of PGD-16/HA, up to 10 wt%, strength is enhanced ~ 90 % from 9 to 17.3 kPa.In case of TOPAS/WH increase of 0.2MPa to 1.7MPa in strength at lower concentration of WH upto 10wt%has been experimented. The biocompatibility data of cell viability on the whole, is above 90% in all nanocomposites and the values are even higher than95%.In TOPAS/HA (10 wt%) exhibits the highest trend for cell viability of 99.9 ± , while in case of PGD-16/HA (10 wt%) the cell viability of hybrid composites is 100 % as comparedto the TCP control group while the cell viability values are around 95-100% in case of TOPAS/WH (10wt%). These results make these nanocomposites suitable for biomedical applications.