پروفیسر ضیاء احمد بدایونی
افسوس ہے گزشتہ مہینہ ہماری پرانی بزم علم وادب کی ایک اورشمع بجھ گئی۔ پروفیسر ضیاء احمد صاحب بدایونی، بدایوں کے ایک نامور خانوادۂ شعروادب کے فرزند ارجمند تھے۔قدیم دستور کے مطابق عربی فارسی کی تعلیم ایک مدرسہ میں پائی پھرانگریزی تعلیم کی طرف متوجہ ہوئے توایم۔اے تک پہنچے، فارسی میں جس کا امتحان الٰہ آباد یونیورسٹی سے فرسٹ ڈویژن میں پاس کیا۔۱۹۲۶ء میں بسلسلۂ ملازمت علی گڑھ مسلم یونیورسٹی سے وابستہ ہوئے اورشعبۂ فارسی کے صدر اورپروفیسر کی حیثیت سے۱۹۵۹ء میں ریٹائرڈ ہوئے۔
موصوف کی استعداد بڑی پختہ اورنظر بہت وسیع تھی۔عربی،فارسی اوراردو شعروادب پر تحقیقی اور مبصرانہ نگاہ رکھتے تھے۔ لغت ان کا خاص فن تھا چنانچہ ریٹائرمنٹ کے بعد چند برس علی گڑھ میں اورچند برس دہلی میں لغت پرجوکام اردو شعبوں کے ماتحت ہورہاہے اس سے وابستہ رہے۔ تصنیف وتالیف کاذوق فطری تھا چنانچہ تاریخ و ادب پرمتعدد تصنیفات یادگار چھوڑی ہیں جن میں دیوان مومن مع ایک طویل مقدمہ کے اورشرح قصائد مومن خاصہ کی چیزیں ہیں۔ مذہبیات سے بڑی دلچسپی تھی، اس سلسلہ میں بھی ان کی دوتین کتابیں ہیں۔ اخلاق و عادات کے لحاظ سے بھی بڑی خوبیوں کے بزرگ تھے، نہایت خوددار، ملنسار اورمتواضع تھے۔ طلباء پربے حد شفقت کرتے اور ان کی خدمت کے لیے ہروقت مستعد رہتے تھے۔ کم سخن تھے مگرجب بولتے تھے توتقریر مربوط اور پُرمغز کرتے تھے۔ عمر۷۷برس کے لگ بھگ تھی۔ ادھر کچھ عرصہ سے علی گڑھ میں جس کو انھوں نے اپنا وطن بنالیا تھا مقیم تھے۔وہیں۸/جولائی کوشب میں انتقال ہوا۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ غریق رحمت کرے، اب اس وضع کے لوگ کہاں ملیں گے۔
[اگست۱۹۷۳ء]
Mirza Husayn Ali Nuri (1817-1892) was one of the early followers of the Bab, and later took the title of Bahaullah’s mission was about to bring unity of all the mankind. He invited the world’s religion followers to peaceful coexistence with amity and harmony. He claimed that he was unique, in giving the idea of ‘ Most Great Peace’ through ‘Religious unity’ and a ‘Global civilization’ as a chosen ‘Manifestation of God’. He claimed to be a messenger from God referring to the fulfillment of the eschatological expectations of Islam, Christianity, and other major religions. He wrote many religious works, most notably the Kitab i Aqdas, the Kitab i Iqan and Hidden Words. In the History of Sub-continent, Great Mughal emperor Jallal ud Din Mohammad Akbar (1542-1605) is also known for the great task of ‘Religious unity’. Disillusioned with orthodox Islam and perhaps hoping to bring about religious unity within his empire, Akbar promulgated Din i Ilahi, a syncretic creed derived from Islam, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, and Christianity. Majority of muslims condemned him to deform the real shape of true Islam. Akbar was deeply interested in religious and philosophical matters. In 1575, he built a hall called the Ibadat Khana ("House of Worship") at Fatehpur Sikri, to which he invited theologians, mystics and selected courtiers renowned for their intellectual achievements and discussed matters of spirituality with them. The policy of sulh-e-kul, which formed the essence of D┘n-e-Elāhi, was adopted by Akbar not merely for religious purposes, but as a part of general imperial administrative policy. With the passage of time D┘n-e-Elāhi lost its attraction and became a dead religion. It is interesting to make a comparison between the two.
Black Feminism: Intersectionality and Empowerment of American Black Women in The Novels of Gloria Naylor and Terry Mcmillan The study is designed to identify different systems of oppression American Black women face in their lives. The study explores common Black feminist themes in the novels of Naylor and McMillan. The study brings forth different systems of oppression that Black female characters of Naylor and McMillan face, and the ways in which these women struggle against different oppressions, and attain empowerment. The research is qualitative in nature, and the texts have been analyzed by feminist content analysis technique. The Black Feminist theory by Patricia Hill Collins as explained in her workBlackFeministThought:Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment has been utilized as theoretical framework. The study is delimited to The Women of Brewster Place and Bailey’s Café by Gloria Naylor, and Mama and Waiting to Exhale by Terry McMillan. The content analysis reveals that race, gender, class, sexuality, disability and religion generate systems of oppression that African American women have to experience in their lives. In the intersecting systems of oppression these women either play the role of an oppressor or an oppressed. It is found that in order to fight against these oppressions, Black women attain empowerment through their work, education, relationships, culture and religious institutions. The study concludes that there is no universal female experience that can be applied on women around the world.