Islamization under General Zia Al-Haq (1977-1988) : An Analysis

As a result of the political crisis in Pakistan, the Martial Law regime of General Zia Al-Haq came into power on July 5, 1977. The process of Islamization was given a new boost during the period of Zia Al-Haq 1977- 1988. He launched a comprehensive scheme to eradicate non-Islamic practices in Pakistani state and society. His Islamization program contemplated significant reforms in the legal-constitutional, socioeconomic and educational institutions of Pakistan. The principles of Zakāt -‘Ushr ordinance, Islamic Ḥudūd and Penal code were introduced in the country. To Islamizing the economy Ribā abandoning and Profit and Loss sharing accounts in banks were initiated. Besides, he renamed parliament as Majlis Al-Shūrā; the Federal Sharī‘at Court, Sharī‘at Appellate Benches and Sharī‘ah Council were established in the country. Under the umbrella of Nizām-e-Muṣṭafā, social reforms were introduced, through the stressing of sanctity of the Holy month of Ramaḍān, enforcement of the bans on gambling and encouragement of chadar for women. Un-Islamic programs were banned on television and radio and news in Arabic was made compulsory. The stated objectives of President Zia’s Islamization policies were to lead Pakistan in the direction of truly Islamic state. However, the critics of his polices considered it a tool for legitimizing and enhancing his political powers in the country.

Estimation of Effect of Heavymetal Iron and Strontium on the Growth of Fish Puntigrus Tetrazona Tiger Barb from Multancity

This research interest gives a brief concept about toxic effects of heavy metals and its estimation in aquarium fish. In aquatic ecosystem, heavy metals are considered most important pollutants. Majority of the heavy metals tend to accumulate in tissues as well as organs of the body of the fish by consuming polluted water and leads to poisoning of fish. These metals can influence reproduction, growth, weaken immune system and induce pathological effects.In area of Multan city, water may be contaminated with different heavy metals. The use of this water in aquarium may affect the growth of Tiger barb (Puntigrus tetrazona). Effect of heavy metals (Iron and Strontium) on this fish has not determined in area of Multan city. By estimation of Iron and Strontium metals in this fish will provide very useful way and features for scientists doing work in domain of effect of heavy metals on aquarium fish. Fish samples were collected fromarea of Multan city. Each sample of fish (Puntigrus tetrazona) has passed through morphometry then dried and is grind. After grinding, samples were subjected for ash formation. Then ash of each sample was dissolved to form solution. Then elemental analysis is determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrum. Presence of Iron and Strontium was confirmed and its effects were determined on Puntigrus tetrazona.