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Speech Recognition Based Automation System

Thesis Info

Author

Mujahid Bashir, Rukhsana Siddique

Supervisor

Khubaib Ahmed

Department

Department of Physics

Program

BEL

Institute

COMSATS University Islamabad

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Physics

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676720904593

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7 ۔حدِارتداد

ردد کامعنی ہے کسی شےکالوٹنا ، مسلمان کا کفر کی طرف لوٹ جانا۔ اس حوالے سے ابن فارس لکھتے ہیں
الراء والدال أصلٌ واحدٌ مطّردٌ منقاس، وهو رَجْع الشَّيء. تقول: ردَدْتُ الشَّيءَ أرُدُّه ردّاً. وسمِّي المرتدُّ لأنّه ردّ نفسَه إلى كُفْره.143
"مادہ " رَدَدَ " ہے اور اس معنی ہے کسی شے کا لوٹنا جیسے تو کہے ردَدْتُ الشَّيءَ أرُدُّه ردّاً میں نے فلان چیز کو لوٹا دیا اور مرتد کو مرتد اس لیے کہتے ہیں کہ وہ اپنے آپ کو کفر کی طرف لوٹا دیتا ہے ۔ "
اسلام سے پھر جانے کوارتداد کہتے ہیں، جیسا کہ ابن منظور کے نزدیک ارتداد
"وفي التنزيل من يرتدد منكم عن دينه والاسم الرِّدّة ومنه الردَّة عن الإِسلام أَي الرجوع عنه وارتدَّ فلان عن دينه إِذا كفر بعد إِسلامه۔"144
"اور قرآن مجید میں ہےمن يرتدد منكم عن دينه۔ ۔ ۔ الیٰ آ خرہ ۔ اور اسی سے ہے الردۃ عن الاسلام یعنی اسلام سے پھر جانا جیسے کہا جاتا ہے فلاں شخص مرتد ہو گیا جب کہ وہ اسلام سے کفر کی طرف پھر جائے ۔ "
ارتداد کے معنی اسلام قبول کر لینے کے بعد اسلام کو چھوڑ دینے اور اس کے خلاف بغاوت کرنے کے ہیں، جیسے امام راغب اصفہانی نے ارتداد سے متعلق تحریر کیا ہے
"والردۃ الرجوع فی الطریق الزی جاء منہ لکن الردۃتختص بالکفر والارتداد یستعمل فیہ وفی غیرہ۔" 145
"اس راستے پر پلٹنے کو کہتے ہیں جس سے کوئی آیا ہو لیکن ردۃ کا لفظ کفر کی طرف ہی لوٹنا خاص ہے اور ارتداد عام ہے جو حالت کفر اور غیر دونوں کی طرف لوٹنے پر بولا جاتا ہے۔ "
اصطلاحی مفہوم :علاؤالدین کاسانی ؒ شرعی اصطلاح میں ارتداد کے بارے میں لکھتے ہیں
"فَالرُّجُوعُ عن الْإِيمَانِ يُسَمَّى رِدَّةً في عُرْفِ الشَّرْعِ۔ "146
"پس ایمان سے پلٹ جانے کو...

حروف مقطعات کے حوالے سے مستشرق نولڈ یکے اور آٹو لوتھ کی آراء کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Mystical letters are among the miracles of Quran. These mystical letters are present at the start of Quranic Surah’s (Chapters). These are among the mutashabihat (Analogies) of Quran. Muslim scholars tried to define their meanings. Like other aspects of Quran and Hadith orientalists talk about mystical letters of the Quran. This article analyses the theories of Noldeke and Otto Loth regarding mysterious letters of Quran. What are their views about mystical letters of the Quran? Are their views according to the Islamic point of view of mystical letters? What are the deviations and differences as compared to traditional Islamic point of view of mystical letters? This research has been analytical by nature, both qualitative and analytical methods have been implemented.  Analyses of the views of both of the scholars in the light of traditional Islamic concept of mystical letters, shows that Orientalists including Noldeke and Otto Loth thought that mystical letters are not the part of revelation. According to them these are the names of the sources from which different chapters of the Quran had been taken during its compilation. These are on the same pattern as mystical letters are present in the Jewish books. Holy Prophet had copied them. The present study argues that Quran being the book of Lord is unchanged and mystical letters are a part of it. It is further highlighted that even some orientalists argue that the opinion of Noldeke and Otto Loth is not correct.

Cloning and Over-Expression of a Germin-Like Protein Gene for its Functional Analysis

Germin and germin-like proteins (GLPs) constitute a large and highly diverse family of developmentally regulated proteins showing a wide range of distribution from Myxomycetes to flowering plants. These proteins have been cited in various plant organs like roots, leaves, nectar glands and seeds etc. Germin-like proteins also seem to be involved in many stress related processes, but their definite role in these processes remains obscure. The present study was conducted to elucidate the function of germin-like protein gene (OsRGLP1) of rice by over-expressing OsRGLP1 cDNA under the transcriptional control of strong promoter in tobacco. The cDNA of OsRGLP1, 958 bp was successfully cloned in pTZ57R/T cloning vector. OsRGLP1 cDNA was inserted in p1301 in sense direction down stream of CaMV35S promoter and transformed into Agrobacterium strain EHA101. Transgenic tobacco plants were produced through Agrobacterium mediated transformation and confirmed through hygromycin resistance and PCR amplification of OsRGLP1. Transgenic plants were assessed for growth, morphology, oxalate oxidase and superoxide dismutase activities. Morphologically no difference was observed between T0 transgenic and control plants except that leaves of some mature transgenic plants showed necrotic lesions. Transgenic plants were evaluated for the presence of H2O2 which is reported to be involved in necrosis and cell death. Interestingly, higher levels of H2O2 were observed in transgenic plants. Seeds of T0 /T1 transgenic plants were similar in shape, size and coat color to the control plants when harvested, whereas, seed coat of transgenic seeds turned lighter in color after one year storage at room temperature. Germination rate and percentage in transgenic T1 seeds was significantly lower than control seeds. Segregation analysis indicated a 1:1 ratio for hygromycin phosphotransferase gene in T1 seeds. There was no difference in fresh/dry weights, plant heights and shoot lengths, number of leaves and nodes of transgenic and control plants. Number of roots in transgenic plants was lower while roots were longer than control plant roots. No oxalate oxidase activity either of native or transgene origin could be observed in transgenic plants revealing that OsRGLP1 may not posses this activity. Significantly higher levels of heat resistant superoxide dismutase activity were observed in transgenic plants as compared with control. This added activity was insensitive to KCN and sensitive to H2O2 suggesting being due to FeSOD activity. Present study indicates for the first time that OsRGLP1 may posses SOD activity along with a striking observation that this activity is FeSOD type instead of MnSOD, if at all observed. Upstream regulatory region of OsRGLP1 was also cloned, sequenced and analyzed to gain insight into the regulatory aspects. The promoter region contained many regulatory elements related to diverse functions, most intriguing were the elements related to biotic and abiotic stress which emphasizes the possible involvement of OsRGLP1 in these processes. These findings may suggest that OsRGLP1 gene product may act as FeSOD responsible for dismutation of stress generated reactive oxygen species into H2O2 which in turn may play important roles like defense against pathogen and root elongation.